AP Human Geography Midterm Terms
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of acculturation?

  • The spread of innovations through a population
  • The origin of a particular cultural trait
  • Embracing and adopting traits of a new culture voluntarily
  • When a dominant group moves into a weaker culture and forces the culture onto the weaker group abruptly (correct)

How does assimilation differ from acculturation?

  • It is a voluntary process where a weaker group adopts a dominant culture gradually. (correct)
  • It refers to layers of different cultures in a territory.
  • It involves an abrupt change to a culture.
  • It pertains to the spread of an idea through established structures.

What does sequence occupancy refer to?

Several different cultural groups have occupied a territory, leading to layers in modern culture.

What is a cultural hearth?

<p>The origin of a particular cultural trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define expansion diffusion.

<p>The spread of an innovation or idea through a population in an area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hierarchal diffusion?

<p>The spread of an idea through an established structure from those in power to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain contagious diffusion.

<p>The spread of an idea or trait equally throughout a group or area without regard to social class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stimulus diffusion?

<p>The spread of an underlying principle while new groups remix the original idea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define relocation diffusion.

<p>When people move and take their culture with them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is migrant diffusion?

<p>An idea migrates outward but fades out over time at the origin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is carrying capacity?

<p>The maximum population size of a species that an area can sustain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a population pyramid.

<p>A graphical illustration showing the distribution of various age groups in a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pull factor?

<p>A social, political, economic, or environmental attraction to a new area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does demographic momentum refer to?

<p>It takes a lifetime for a population policy to work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a lingua franca?

<p>A common language used when conducting business between people with different primary languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the population growth rate calculated?

<p>CBR minus CDR plus immigrants minus emigrants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the infant mortality rate?

<p>The number of babies who die before their first birthday out of 1000 live births.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the natural rate of increase?

<p>CBR minus CDR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the dependency ratio.

<p>A measure of the dependence that non-working people have on working people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a push factor?

<p>A social, political, economic, or environmental force that drives people from a location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an interfaith dispute?

<p>A dispute happening between two different religions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an isogloss refer to?

<p>A transition zone surrounding a particular linguistic feature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe language divergence.

<p>When two dialects become mutually unintelligible, leading to the emergence of separate languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pidgin?

<p>A simple way of getting understood by someone who doesn't speak your language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of creolization.

<p>The process of a pidgin becoming a real language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is British Received Pronunciation?

<p>The accent of Standard English in England.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a standard language.

<p>The accent of Standard English in England.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a syncretic religion?

<p>Religions that have borrowed ideas from other religions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Esperanto?

<p>The name of the language that was an experiment as a universal language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an intrafaith dispute mean?

<p>A dispute occurring within the same religion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a nation.

<p>A group of people who share cultural traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a state?

<p>A political territory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sovereignty refer to?

<p>Authority/control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define unilateral action.

<p>An action taken alone in self-interest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a centrifugal force?

<p>A dividing force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a centripetal force.

<p>A unifying force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a multinational corporation?

<p>Manages production and delivers services in several countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define an enclave.

<p>Part of a country or a whole country entirely within another country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an exclave?

<p>Part of a country that is not contiguous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is multilateral action?

<p>An action that needs consent/support from the world community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the time-distance decay model explain?

<p>The farther away two places are, the less likely they are to have diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the demographic transition model.

<p>A model that explains the changing population through various stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is intertillage?

<p>Growing several crops in a small area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define monoculture.

<p>Growing one crop over a large area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does domestication refer to?

<p>Effort to manipulate species for an advantage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain transhumance.

<p>Seasonal, weekly, or daily movement of animals while people live in a permanent settlement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is shifting cultivation?

<p>A farming method where vegetation is cut down and burned for added nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define pastoralism or pastoral nomadism.

<p>Depend primarily on animals for survival, not crops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is intensive subsistence farming?

<p>High input of capital, fertilizers, and labor; every square inch of land is used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crop rotation?

<p>Needed to maintain fertile soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define milkshed.

<p>A region producing milk for a specific community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is truck farming?

<p>Large scale farming, far from market, involving one or two seasonal crops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is van Thünen's Rural Land Use Model?

<p>Focuses on how the land is used and why it is used that way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Domestication

The process of selectively breeding plants or animals for desirable traits, making them more useful to humans.

Assimilation

The gradual adoption of cultural traits from a dominant culture by choice, leading to a slow transformation.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size an environment can sustainably support over time, given its resources.

Population Pyramid

A visual representation showing the age distribution of a population, often shaped like a pyramid.

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Centrifugal Force

Elements that can cause division or fragmentation within a state or society, leading to instability.

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Crop Rotation

A systematic practice of planting different crops in the same area over time to maintain soil fertility.

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Cultural Hearth

The geographical origin of a specific cultural trait or innovation.

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Pidgin

A simplified language that enables communication between speakers of different native languages, often used for trade or limited interactions.

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Creolization

The process of development of a fully formed language from a pidgin, often acquiring a wider range of vocabulary and grammar.

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Milkshed

The geographical area supplying milk to a specific market, often defined by the distance milk can be transported while fresh.

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Infant Mortality Rate

The number of infant deaths before the age of one per 1,000 live births, reflecting healthcare and living conditions.

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Natural Rate of Increase

The difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate, showing the natural population change.

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Expansion Diffusion

The process of cultural traits spreading through a population in an area, typically increasing in number with distance.

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Enclave

A territory completely surrounded by another territory, often possessing distinct cultural or economic characteristics.

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Sovereignty

The authority or control exerted by a state within its territory, giving it the right to govern itself.

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von Thünen's Rural Land Use Model

A framework explaining land-use patterns based on agriculture and transportation costs, showing how agricultural activities vary with proximity to markets.

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Monoculture

The practice of growing a single crop extensively in a large area, sometimes leading to soil depletion or vulnerability to pests.

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Isogloss

A boundary that separates regions with different linguistic features, such as pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar.

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Pull Factor

Forces that attract individuals to a new location, such as economic opportunities, better climate, or social amenities.

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Dependency Ratio

The ratio indicating the burden of non-working individuals (children, elderly) on the working-age population.

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Interfaith Dispute

A conflict between different religious groups, often arising from differing beliefs, values, or practices.

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Intertillage

The practice of cultivating multiple crops in the same area, often enhancing biodiversity and soil fertility.

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Nation

A collective of people sharing common cultural traits, such as language, religion, history, or traditions.

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Hierarchical Diffusion

Ideas spread through established social structures, from higher power sources to lower ones, like government policies or fashion trends.

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Language Divergence

The process whereby dialects evolve into distinct languages due to time and geographical separation, creating differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.

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Exclave

A portion of a country geographically separated from the main part, often presenting challenges for administration or communication.

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Push Factor

Forces that drive individuals away from their current location, such as economic hardship, political persecution, or natural disasters.

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Pastoralism

An agricultural system primarily reliant on the herding of animals for food, shelter, and transportation.

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Contagious Diffusion

The spread of ideas or traits across a population without regard for social or economic status, like a contagious disease.

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Unilateral Action

A decision taken independently by a state or individual for its own self-interest, without consultation or agreement with others.

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Centripetal Force

Factors that promote unity and cohesion within a state or society, contributing to stability and shared identity.

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Stimulus Diffusion

The underlying principles of an idea spread, even if modified by new cultural groups, like the idea of fast food spreading globally, adapted to local tastes.

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Relocation Diffusion

Cultural traits are transferred as people move to new locations, bringing their traditions, language, or food to a new environment.

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Migrant Diffusion

Ideas spread from an origin but diminish over time as they move outward, like a fashion trend originating in one city and spreading elsewhere.

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Acculturation

The dominant culture imposes its traits on a weaker culture, leading to significant and abrupt change, sometimes through colonization or conquest.

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Study Notes

Cultural Processes and Diffusion

  • Acculturation: Dominant culture imposes its traits on a weaker culture; significant and abrupt change.
  • Assimilation: Weaker culture gradually adopts traits from a dominant culture by choice; a slow transformation.
  • Sequence Occupancy: Modern culture displays layers from various cultural groups that have previously occupied an area.
  • Cultural Hearth: The geographical origin of a specific cultural trait.

Types of Diffusion

  • Expansion Diffusion: Innovation or idea spreads through a population in an area, typically increasing in number.
  • Hierarchical Diffusion: Ideas spread through established social structures from higher power sources to lower ones.
  • Contagious Diffusion: Equal spread of ideas or traits across a population without regard for social or economic status.
  • Stimulus Diffusion: Underlying principles of an idea spread, despite modifications by new cultural groups.
  • Relocation Diffusion: Cultural traits are transferred as people move to new locations.
  • Migrant Diffusion: Ideas spread from an origin but diminish over time as they move outward.

Population and Demographics

  • Carrying Capacity: The maximum population size an environment can sustainably support over time.
  • Population Pyramid: Visual representation showing age distribution, typically shaped like a pyramid.
  • Population Growth Rate: Calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate, adjusted for migration.
  • Infant Mortality Rate: Number of infant deaths before age one per 1,000 live births.
  • Natural Rate of Increase: Population change determined by the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.
  • Dependency Ratio: Ratio indicating the burden of non-working individuals on the working-age population.

Migration Factors

  • Pull Factor: Attractive elements in a new area that draw individuals from their previous location.
  • Push Factor: Forces driving individuals away from their current location.

Language and Religion

  • Interfaith Dispute: Conflict between different religious groups.
  • Isogloss: A boundary that separates regions with different linguistic features.
  • Language Divergence: Process whereby dialects evolve into distinct languages due to time and geographical separation.
  • Pidgin: A simplified language that enables communication between speakers of different native languages.
  • Creolization: Development of a fully formed language from a pidgin.

Governance and Territorial Concepts

  • Nation: A collective of people sharing common cultural traits.
  • State: A defined political territory with sovereignty.
  • Sovereignty: The authority or control exerted by a state within its territory.
  • Unilateral Action: A decision taken independently for self-interest.

Social Forces

  • Centrifugal Force: Elements that can lead to the division or fragmentation of a state or society.
  • Centripetal Force: Factors that promote unity and cohesion within a state or society.

Economic Structures

  • Multinational Corporation: Enterprises that conduct business across multiple countries, managing production and services globally.
  • Enclave: A territory completely surrounded by another territory.
  • Exclave: A portion of a country geographically separated from the main part.

Agricultural Practices

  • Intertillage: Cultivation practice involving multiple crops in the same area.
  • Monoculture: Agricultural practice of growing a single crop extensively in a large area.
  • Domestication: The process of selectively manipulating species for human use and benefits.
  • Transhumance: Seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.
  • Shifting Cultivation: Agricultural method involving clearing of forested land and burning to enrich soil nutrients.
  • Pastoralism: Agricultural system primarily reliant on the herding of animals for food and resources.

Agricultural Techniques

  • Intensive Subsistence Farming: High levels of inputs, labor, and capital; maximizing agricultural output from limited land.
  • Crop Rotation: Systematic planting of different crops to maintain soil fertility.
  • Milkshed: Geographical area supplying milk to a market.
  • Truck Farming: Large-scale production of crops not native to the growing area but mainly for transport to far-off markets.

Theoretical Models

  • van Thünen's Rural Land Use Model: Framework explaining land use patterns based on agriculture and transportation costs.

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Test your knowledge on key terms in AP Human Geography with this quiz. Each term is defined to help you understand concepts such as acculturation, assimilation, and sequence occupancy. Perfect for midterm review and enhancing your geographical understanding!

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