AP Human Geography Exam Review

Questions and Answers

What does the Von Thunen Model explain?

Urban development

Industrial land use patterns

Transportation cost variations

Agricultural land use patterns (correct)

What is agribusiness?

System of food production involving everything from seed development to food marketing.

Define agriculture.

Growing plants or raising animals for food.

What is biotechnology?

Using living organisms for plant or animal product modification. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a capital-intensive farm?

Heavy use of machinery in farming. Signup and view all the answers

What is commercial farming?

Growing food to be sold in markets. Signup and view all the answers

What is dairying?

Growth of milk-based products. Signup and view all the answers

What are debt-for-nature swaps?

Forgiving debts in exchange for natural resource preservation. Signup and view all the answers

Define desertification.

Loss of habitable land to expanding deserts. Signup and view all the answers

What is double cropping?

Planting and harvesting a crop more than once a year. Signup and view all the answers

What was the enclosure movement?

Divided communal farmland into individual plots. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Ester Boserup?

Geographer who theorized on subsistence farming and innovation. Signup and view all the answers

What is extensive subsistence agriculture?

Using large land areas to feed a farming family. Signup and view all the answers

Define famine.

Mass starvation due to prolonged undernutrition. Signup and view all the answers

What was the first agricultural revolution?

Development of seed agriculture and animal use. Signup and view all the answers

What is genetic modification?

Scientific manipulation of genetic material in crops and animals. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Green Revolution?

Efforts to increase crop output and hybrids starting in the 1940s. Signup and view all the answers

Who are hunters and gatherers?

Nomadic people following herds and foraging for food. Signup and view all the answers

What is intensive subsistence agriculture?

Cultivating small amounts of land very efficiently. Signup and view all the answers

What is intertillage?

Mixing various types of seeds on the same land. Signup and view all the answers

What is a labor-intensive farm?

Farm that relies heavily on human labor. Signup and view all the answers

What is land rent?

The price paid for each acre of land. Signup and view all the answers

What is a large-scale grain farm?

Extensive commercial grain farm for export. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Mediterranean agriculture?

Farming involving crops like wheat, barley, and grazing sheep. Signup and view all the answers

What is a milkshed?

Zone for producing and shipping milk to markets. Signup and view all the answers

What is mixed crop and livestock farming?

Combination of growing crops and raising animals. Signup and view all the answers

What is an open-lot system?

Community farming on a large shared land plot. Signup and view all the answers

What is pastoralism?

Breeding and herding animals for survival resources. Signup and view all the answers

Define plantation agriculture.

Large-scale farming of a few high-demand crops. Signup and view all the answers

What is ranching?

Raising animals on pasture land. Signup and view all the answers

Define seed agriculture.

Farming involving the planting of seeds. Signup and view all the answers

What is shifting cultivation?

Rotating fields to allow soil to restore nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

What is slash-and-burn agriculture?

Clearing land by cutting and burning plants. Signup and view all the answers

What is soil erosion?

Loss of nutrient-rich topsoil. Signup and view all the answers

What is subsistence farming?

Growing just enough food for the farmer's family. Signup and view all the answers

What is sustainable yield?

Rate of crop production that can be maintained. Signup and view all the answers

Define swidden.

Land prepared by slash-and-burn agriculture. Signup and view all the answers

What is the third agricultural revolution?

Period of agricultural globalization and industrialization. Signup and view all the answers

What is transhumance?

Seasonal movement of herds to different elevations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a truck farm?

Commercial flower farm or garden. Signup and view all the answers

Define undernutrition.

Not getting enough calories or nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

What is vegetative planting?

Cultivating by cutting off plant stems or dividing roots. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Von Thunen Model

The model illustrates agricultural land use patterns based on transportation costs.
Closer proximity to marketplaces leads to intensive land use; farther areas are reserved for extensive farming.
Zones are organized in concentric rings around a central city.

Agribusiness

Encompasses the entire food production process from seed development to market sales.

Agriculture

Involves cultivation of plants and raising of animals for food and market sale.

Biotechnology

Utilizes living organisms to alter or enhance plant and animal products.

Capital-intensive Farm

Relies heavily on machinery for production processes.

Commercial Farming

Focuses on producing food primarily for sale in markets rather than for personal consumption.

Dairying

Centers around the production of milk and milk-derived products for markets.

Debt-for-nature Swaps

Forgiveness of international debts for developing countries in exchange for conservation efforts.

Desertification

Refers to the reduction of arable land due to desert expansion.

Double Cropping

Involves growing and harvesting multiple crops in a single year from the same field.

Enclosure Movement

Transitioned communal farming to individual plots as capitalism emerged, prompting rural migration to cities.

Ester Boserup

Proposed that subsistence farmers prioritize leisure, adapting agricultural methods based on population growth and food needs.

Extensive Subsistence Agriculture

Relies on large land areas to cultivate food exclusively for the farmer's family.

Famine

Describes extreme starvation resulting from extended periods of undernutrition in a region.

First Agricultural Revolution

Began approximately 12,000 years ago with the advent of seed agriculture and animal domestication.

Genetic Modification

Involves altering the genetic makeup of crops and animals to boost agricultural efficacy.

Green Revolution

Innovated in the 1940s, leading to enhanced crop yields through hybrid seeds and fertilizers.

Hunters and Gatherers

Nomadic groups that engage in foraging and hunting for sustenance.

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

Maximizes efficiency of small land to produce food for the household.

Intertillage

Combines different seed varieties within the same cultivation area.

Labor-intensive Farm

Heavily relies on manual labor rather than machinery.

Land Rent

Costs incurred by farmers for utilizing land.

Large-scale Grain Farm

Focuses on producing grain primarily for export in extensive commercial operations.

Mediterranean Agriculture

Characterized by cultivation of specific crops and grazing animals suited to Mediterranean climates.

Milkshed

Zone around a city where milk can be produced and delivered fresh.

Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming

Involves simultaneous cropping and livestock raising by farmers.

Open-lot System

Community farming model where villagers jointly cultivate a shared land parcel.

Pastoralism

Centers on breeding and managing herds for basic needs like food, shelter, and clothing.

Plantation Agriculture

Specializes in large-scale farming of high-demand export crops.

Ranching

Involves raising livestock on expansive areas for grazing.

Seed Agriculture

Involves planting seeds instead of vegetative reproduction methods.

Shifting Cultivation

Farming method that rotates cultivated fields to maintain soil fertility.

Slash-and-Burn Agriculture

Method used by subsistence farmers to clear land for farming by cutting and burning vegetation.

Soil Erosion

Refers to the loss of the top nutrient-rich soil layer.

Subsistence Farming

Focuses solely on producing food sufficient for farmers’ families.

Sustainable Yield

Represents the long-term viable rate of crop production.

Swidden

Land prepared through slash-and-burn techniques for subsistence farming.

Third Agricultural Revolution

Marked by globalization and industrialization of agriculture, enhancing food supply through technology.

Transhumance

Seasonal migration of livestock between highland summer pastures and lowland winter pastures.

Truck Farm

Pertains to commercial farming of flowers and vegetables.

Undernutrition

Condition resulting from insufficient nutrient or caloric intake.

Vegetative Planting

Early agricultural method involving propagation through plant parts rather than seeds.

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Prepare for your AP Human Geography exam with this flashcard review, focusing on key concepts and models like the Von Thunen Model. These cards will help you understand agricultural land use patterns and their relationship with transportation costs. Perfect for quick revision before the exam!