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Questions and Answers
What is the visceral pericardium?
What is the visceral pericardium?
Adhering to the surface of the heart.
What are the correct layers of the heart, from superficial to deep?
What are the correct layers of the heart, from superficial to deep?
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.
What are atrioventricular valves also called?
What are atrioventricular valves also called?
Cuspid valves.
What are the right and left atrioventricular valves also called?
What are the right and left atrioventricular valves also called?
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What do semilunar valves prevent?
What do semilunar valves prevent?
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Where does the most abundant blood supply go?
Where does the most abundant blood supply go?
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What is branching of an artery as it progresses from proximal to distal called?
What is branching of an artery as it progresses from proximal to distal called?
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Which cavity of the heart normally has the thickest wall?
Which cavity of the heart normally has the thickest wall?
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Which of the following is a semilunar valve?
Which of the following is a semilunar valve?
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What is the pacemaker of the heart?
What is the pacemaker of the heart?
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Describe the flow of blood through the heart.
Describe the flow of blood through the heart.
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What is the rhythmic compression of the heart combined with effective artificial respiration known as?
What is the rhythmic compression of the heart combined with effective artificial respiration known as?
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Increased serum levels in the blood often indicate a recent myocardial infarction. What is this commonly monitored by?
Increased serum levels in the blood often indicate a recent myocardial infarction. What is this commonly monitored by?
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Why are cardiac muscles considered auto rhythmic?
Why are cardiac muscles considered auto rhythmic?
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What are the free edges of the cuspid flaps anchored to?
What are the free edges of the cuspid flaps anchored to?
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What is a tiny bump at the end of a T wave usually referred to as?
What is a tiny bump at the end of a T wave usually referred to as?
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What is the normal pattern of impulse conduction through the heart?
What is the normal pattern of impulse conduction through the heart?
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What does an ECG P wave represent?
What does an ECG P wave represent?
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What masks the repolarization of the atria?
What masks the repolarization of the atria?
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What does contraction of the ventricles produce?
What does contraction of the ventricles produce?
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The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is referred to as systole.
The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is referred to as systole.
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Vagus fibers to the heart serve as accelerator nerves.
Vagus fibers to the heart serve as accelerator nerves.
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The QRS complex represents the repolarization of the ventricles.
The QRS complex represents the repolarization of the ventricles.
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Rapid ejection is characterized by a marked increase in ventricular and aortic pressure and in aortic blood flow.
Rapid ejection is characterized by a marked increase in ventricular and aortic pressure and in aortic blood flow.
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Isovolumetric ventricular contraction occurs between the start of ventricular systole and the opening of the semilunar valves.
Isovolumetric ventricular contraction occurs between the start of ventricular systole and the opening of the semilunar valves.
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What are Purkinje fibers also known as?
What are Purkinje fibers also known as?
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What are pacemakers other than the SA node usually referred to as?
What are pacemakers other than the SA node usually referred to as?
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What is a complete heartbeat referred to as?
What is a complete heartbeat referred to as?
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A considerable quantity of blood, called the __________, normally remains in the ventricles at the end of the ejection period.
A considerable quantity of blood, called the __________, normally remains in the ventricles at the end of the ejection period.
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What is a swishing abnormal heart sound indicating incomplete closing of the valves or a stenosis known as?
What is a swishing abnormal heart sound indicating incomplete closing of the valves or a stenosis known as?
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Study Notes
Heart Anatomy and Valves
- Visceral pericardium adheres directly to the heart's surface.
- Heart layers from superficial to deep: epicardium → myocardium → endocardium.
- Atrioventricular valves, also known as cuspid valves, include the tricuspid (right side) and mitral (left side).
- Semilunar valves, located at the exit of the heart, prevent backflow into the ventricles.
Blood Supply and Heart Chambers
- The left ventricle receives the most abundant blood supply.
- The left ventricle has the thickest wall to manage high-pressure blood flow.
Blood Flow Pathway
- Blood follows this pathway: right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta → body tissues → vena cavae → right atrium.
Cardiac Rhythm and Function
- The heart's natural pacemaker is the SA node.
- Heart muscle is auto rhythmic, enabling spontaneous contractions.
- Cardiac contraction followed by effective artificial respiration is known as CPR.
- Increased troponins and C-reactive protein levels can indicate myocardial infarction.
- During contraction, ventricles create the first heart sound (lub).
Electrical Activity
- Normal impulse conduction: SA node → AV node → AV bundle → Purkinje fibers.
- P wave in an ECG indicates atrial depolarization; U wave can appear after T wave.
- Atrial repolarization is overshadowed by ventricular depolarization depicted in the QRS complex.
Cardiac Cycle and Phases
- The contraction phase is termed systole.
- Isovolumetric ventricular contraction occurs before semilunar valves open.
- Rapid ejection is marked by high ventricular and aortic pressure, significantly increasing blood flow.
Potential Abnormalities
- Ectopic pacemakers can cause cardiac rhythm abnormalities, differentiating them from SA node activity.
- Heart murmurs indicate incomplete valve closure or stenosis.
Additional Terms
- A complete heartbeat is referred to as a cardiac cycle.
- Residual volume is the blood remaining in the ventricles post-ejection.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of heart anatomy with these flashcards that cover important terms, definitions, and layers of the heart. This quiz will aid in understanding the structure and function of the heart, focusing on details like the pericardium and atrioventricular valves.
