A&P Final Review - Squad Presentation Q&As

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Questions and Answers

What is the correct order of the phases of mitosis?

  • Prophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Telophase
  • Metaphase, Prophase, Anaphase, Telophase
  • Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (correct)
  • Anaphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Telophase

What is the primary function of anabolism?

  • Creating new molecules for growth and repair (correct)
  • Breaking down molecules for energy
  • Transporting nutrients throughout the body
  • Regulating fluid balance in the body

Which of the following is NOT a component of an atom?

  • Electron
  • Nucleus (correct)
  • Neutron
  • Proton

Which hormone helps control bleeding after childbirth?

<p>Oxytocin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the age-related side effect of a decrease in female sex hormones?

<p>Menopause (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

<p>Sending signals to the pituitary gland to control hormone release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disorder is caused by a deficiency of calcitriol in kids?

<p>Rickets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the pigment that facilitates the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood?

<p>Hemoglobin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

<p>Coordinates only voluntary responses of many organ systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The innermost layer of a blood vessel is called the:

<p>Tunica interna (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of impulses carry information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system?

<p>Afferent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the outermost meningeal layer?

<p>Dura matter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is responsible for causing a neuron to hyperpolarize?

<p>Potassium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle tissue?

<p>Epithelial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of bond forms when two atoms share electrons?

<p>Covalent bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The communication point between a neuron and a muscle cell is known as the:

<p>Neuromuscular junction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the thin, membranous sheath that increases the speed of action potential propagation down an axon called?

<p>Myelin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

<p>Maintain fluid balance and protect against infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily involved in the immune response?

<p>White blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a hormone?

<p>Acetylcholine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

<p>Controls the endocrine cells of the adrenal medulla through sympathetic innervation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?

<p>Filter lymph and trap pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the tonsils in the immune system?

<p>Trap and remove pathogens entering the throat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which the hypothalamus regulates the secretion of regulatory hormones?

<p>Negative feedback (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a hormone found in the heart that is released when excessive pressure occurs within the atria?

<p>Atrial natriuretic peptide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the thymus in the lymphatic system?

<p>Maturation of T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does air normally enter the respiratory system?

<p>Through the nares into the nasal cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is responsible for stimulating spermatogenesis?

<p>FSH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating testosterone secretion in males?

<p>LH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber is shared by the digestive and respiratory systems?

<p>Pharynx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cells in the respiratory tract produce mucus to trap particulate matter?

<p>Goblet cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding puberty in males and females?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What narrow opening in the larynx leads to the trachea?

<p>Glottis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Luteinizing hormone was once called _____________ in males.

<p>Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure prevents food or liquids from entering the respiratory tract during swallowing?

<p>Epiglottis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contains elastic ligaments that extend between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages?

<p>True vocal cords (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vibrates to produce sound waves when air passes through the glottis?

<p>True vocal cords (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure contains C-shaped cartilages to help keep the airway open?

<p>Trachea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sympathetic activation cause in the bronchioles?

<p>Bronchodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do respiratory bronchioles lead?

<p>Alveolar ducts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What oily secretion prevents the alveoli from collapsing?

<p>Surfactant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Loop of Henle

Composed of the thin descending limb and thick ascending limb.

Pituitary Gland Hormones

The pituitary gland secretes 9 different hormones.

Type 1 Diabetes

A condition where the pancreas is insulin resistant.

Anabolism

The process that creates new molecules for growth and repair.

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Catabolism

Responsible for breaking down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.

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Cellular Respiration

Provides most of the ATP used for energy in cells.

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Mitosis Phases

Includes Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

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Mitochondrial Disease

Condition affecting mitochondria's ability to generate energy.

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Types of Muscle Tissue

The three types are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

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Covalent Bond

A bond formed when two molecules share electrons.

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Lymph

A fluid rich in white blood cells circulating in lymphatic vessels.

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Spleen's Role

Filters blood and helps fight infections in the lymphatic system.

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Lymphatic System Function

Maintains fluid balance and protects against infections.

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T Cells

They attack infected cells in the immune response.

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Epiglottis Function

Prevents food or liquids from entering the respiratory tract when swallowing.

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True Vocal Cords

They vibrate to produce sound waves when air passes through the glottis.

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Alveoli Surfactant

An oily secretion that prevents the alveoli from collapsing.

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Pulmonary Embolism

A blockage of a branch in a pulmonary artery.

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Heart Apex

The pointed tip of the heart.

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Cardiac Muscle Junctions

Specialized sites that allow electrical impulses to propagate.

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Atrioventricular Valves

Valves that connect each atrium to its corresponding ventricle.

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Whole Blood

Together, plasma and formed elements constitute this.

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Platelets Function

Contain enzymes and factors important to blood clotting.

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Hemoglobin

A protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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Capillaries

The smallest blood vessels in the human body, allowing for exchange of substances.

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Tunica interna

The innermost layer of a blood vessel.

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Vasoconstriction

The constriction of blood vessels, increasing blood pressure.

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Vasodilation

The relaxation of blood vessels, increasing the diameter and decreasing blood pressure.

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Afferent impulses

Nerve impulses carrying information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system.

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Myelin

A fatty sheath that insulates axons and speeds up action potentials.

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Potassium ions

Ions that cause neurons to become hyperpolarized, inhibiting action potentials.

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Neuromuscular junction

The point where a neuron communicates with a muscle cell.

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Sympathetic nervous system

Part of the autonomic nervous system controlling 'fight or flight' responses.

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Cholinergic receptors

Receptors that respond to acetylcholine, part of the parasympathetic nervous system.

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Hypothalamus

A brain region regulating many body functions, releasing hormones like ADH and oxytocin.

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Hormone

A chemical messenger that is released in one tissue and transported by blood to target cells in other tissues.

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Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Hormone responsible for secretion of testosterone in males and ovulation in females.

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Meiosis

A type of cell division that produces haploid gametes for reproduction, resulting in genetic diversity.

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Study Notes

A&P Final Review - Squad Presentation Q&As

  • Loop of Henle: Composed of thin descending limb and thick ascending limb.
  • Liver Location: Right upper quadrant.
  • Kidney to Bladder Connection: Ureter.
  • External Urethral Sphincter: Voluntary muscle. (True)
  • Digestive Tract Hormone Signaling: Can signal "hungry" and "full" feelings. (True)
  • Pituitary Gland Hormones: Secretes 9 hormones.
  • Hormone Structure Types: Amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, and lipid derivatives.
  • Postpartum Bleeding Hormone: Oxytocin.
  • Hypothalamus Endocrine Function: Sends signals to pituitary to control hormone release.
  • Type 1 Diabetes: Pancreas is insulin resistant.
  • Secondary Heart Hormone: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP).
  • Calcitriol Deficiency in Kids: Rickets.
  • Age-Related Female Hormone Decrease: Menopause.

Metabolism

  • Metabolism: Process of energy transformation in the body.
  • Metabolism Goal: Balance energy production and usage.
  • Anabolism Function: Create new molecules for growth and repair.
  • Catabolism Breakdown: Fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
  • Liver Detoxification: True.
  • Kidney Metabolic Role: Regulating fluid, pH, and electrolytes.
  • ATP Capture from Catabolism: 40%.
  • ATP Source: Primarily cellular respiration. (True)
  • Metabolic Disease: Diabetes.
  • Mitochondrial Disease: Inability of mitochondria to generate energy.

Mitosis and Cell Structure

  • PMAT: Phases of mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) – Cell duplication.
  • Atom Components: Proton, neutron, electron.
  • Muscle Tissue Types: Skeletal, cardiac, smooth.
  • Covalent Bond: Two molecules sharing electrons to become stable.
  • Molecule Definition: One or more elements bonded together.

Lymphatic/Immune System

  • Lymph: Fluid containing white blood cells that circulates through lymphatic vessels.
  • Spleen Function: Filters blood and fights infections.
  • Lymphatic System Primary Function: Maintain fluid balance and protect against infection.
  • Immune Response Cells: White blood cells.
  • Lymph Node Function: Filter lymph and trap pathogens.
  • T Cell Function: Attack infected cells.
  • Tonsils Function: Trap and remove pathogens entering the throat.
  • Lymphatic Vessels Function: Collect and transport lymph.
  • Lymphedema: Swelling due to lymph accumulation.
  • Thymus Function: T cell maturation.

Respiratory System

  • Respiratory Entry Point: Through the nares into the nasal cavity, and through the pharynx and oral cavity
  • Shared Digestive/Respiratory Chamber: Pharynx.
  • Mucus-producing Cells: Goblet cells.
  • Laryngeal Opening: Glottis.
  • Food/Liquid Prevention: Epiglottis.
  • Cartilage Superior to Cricoid: Thyroid cartilage.
  • Elastic Ligaments: True vocal cords.
  • Sound Production: True vocal cords.
  • Triggered Reflex: Gag reflex.
  • Trachea Structure: C-shaped cartilages.
  • Bronchi Origin: Trachea
  • Sympathetic Activation Effect: Bronchodilation.
  • Parasympathetic Activation Effect: Bronchoconstriction.
  • Respiratory Bronchiole Destination: Alveolar ducts and sacs.
  • Debris Removal Cells: Alveolar macrophages.
  • Alveoli Collapse Prevention: Surfactant.
  • Pulmonary Artery Blockage: Pulmonary embolism.
  • Chest Wall Covering: Parietal pleura.

Cardiovascular System

  • Blood Vessel Connection: Capillaries.
  • Pulmonary Blood Return Chamber: Left atrium.
  • Heart's Enclosing Membrane: Pericardium.
  • Outer Heart Surface: Visceral pericardium (epicardium).
  • Heart Tip: Apex.
  • Heart Wall Layers: Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.
  • Cardiac Muscle Connection: Intercalated discs.
  • Atrium-to-Ventrei cle Connection: Atrioventricular valve..
  • Upper Body Blood Return: Superior vena cava.
  • Valve Support: Chordae tendineae.
  • Valve Type for Ventricle Exit: Semilunar valves.
  • Bicuspid Valve Name: Mitral valve.
  • Left Ventricle Exit Point: Aortic semilunar valve and aorta.
  • Blood and its Components: Whole blood.
  • Blood Clotting Factors: Platelets.
  • Blood Clot Framework: Fibrin.
  • Oxygen Carrier: Hemoglobin.
  • Smallest Blood Vessels: Capillaries.
  • Blood Vessel Innermost Layer: Endothelium.
  • Artery Constriction/Dilation: Vasoconstriction, vasodilation.

Nervous System

  • Nervous System Functions: Integrates sensory info, coordinates voluntary responses, monitors internal/external environments.
  • Peripheral to Central Info Transmission: Afferent impulses.
  • Myelin Sheath: Increases action potential speed.
  • Hyperpolarization Ions: Potassium (K+).
  • Neurons Interconnect at: Neuromuscular junction.
  • Outermost Meningeal Layer: Dura mater.
  • Neurotransmitters (Excitatory and Inhibitory): Glutamate (excitatory), GABA (inhibitory).
  • Autonomic Nervous System Divisions: Sympathetic and parasympathetic.
  • Sympathetic Receptors: Adrenergic (alpha and beta).
  • Parasympathetic Receptors: Cholinergic (muscarinic and nicotinic).

Endocrine System

  • Hormone Definition: Chemical messenger released in one tissue, transported by blood to affect other cells.
  • Posterior Pituitary Hormones: ADH (water retention) and oxytocin (uterine contractions, milk ejection).
  • Spermatogenesis Stimulating Hormone: FSH.
  • Testosterone Secretion Stimulator: LH.
  • Puberty Effects: Levels of FSH and LH increase, secondary sex characteristics emerge, oogenesis accelerates in females.

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