A&P Final Review - Squad Presentation Q&As
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Questions and Answers

What is the correct order of the phases of mitosis?

  • Prophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Telophase
  • Metaphase, Prophase, Anaphase, Telophase
  • Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (correct)
  • Anaphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Telophase

    • What is the primary function of anabolism?

  • Creating new molecules for growth and repair (correct)
  • Breaking down molecules for energy
  • Transporting nutrients throughout the body
  • Regulating fluid balance in the body

    • Which of the following is NOT a component of an atom?

  • Electron
  • Nucleus (correct)
  • Neutron
  • Proton

    • Which hormone helps control bleeding after childbirth?

    <p>Oxytocin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the age-related side effect of a decrease in female sex hormones?

    <p>Menopause (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

    <p>Sending signals to the pituitary gland to control hormone release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disorder is caused by a deficiency of calcitriol in kids?

    <p>Rickets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is the pigment that facilitates the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood?

    <p>Hemoglobin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

    <p>Coordinates only voluntary responses of many organ systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The innermost layer of a blood vessel is called the:

    <p>Tunica interna (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of impulses carry information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system?

    <p>Afferent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is the outermost meningeal layer?

    <p>Dura matter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions is responsible for causing a neuron to hyperpolarize?

    <p>Potassium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle tissue?

    <p>Epithelial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of bond forms when two atoms share electrons?

    <p>Covalent bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The communication point between a neuron and a muscle cell is known as the:

    <p>Neuromuscular junction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thin, membranous sheath that increases the speed of action potential propagation down an axon called?

    <p>Myelin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

    <p>Maintain fluid balance and protect against infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily involved in the immune response?

    <p>White blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a hormone?

    <p>Acetylcholine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

    <p>Controls the endocrine cells of the adrenal medulla through sympathetic innervation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?

    <p>Filter lymph and trap pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the tonsils in the immune system?

    <p>Trap and remove pathogens entering the throat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which the hypothalamus regulates the secretion of regulatory hormones?

    <p>Negative feedback (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hormone found in the heart that is released when excessive pressure occurs within the atria?

    <p>Atrial natriuretic peptide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the thymus in the lymphatic system?

    <p>Maturation of T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does air normally enter the respiratory system?

    <p>Through the nares into the nasal cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is responsible for stimulating spermatogenesis?

    <p>FSH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating testosterone secretion in males?

    <p>LH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chamber is shared by the digestive and respiratory systems?

    <p>Pharynx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cells in the respiratory tract produce mucus to trap particulate matter?

    <p>Goblet cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding puberty in males and females?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What narrow opening in the larynx leads to the trachea?

    <p>Glottis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Luteinizing hormone was once called _____________ in males.

    <p>Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure prevents food or liquids from entering the respiratory tract during swallowing?

    <p>Epiglottis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contains elastic ligaments that extend between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages?

    <p>True vocal cords (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vibrates to produce sound waves when air passes through the glottis?

    <p>True vocal cords (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure contains C-shaped cartilages to help keep the airway open?

    <p>Trachea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sympathetic activation cause in the bronchioles?

    <p>Bronchodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do respiratory bronchioles lead?

    <p>Alveolar ducts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What oily secretion prevents the alveoli from collapsing?

    <p>Surfactant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Loop of Henle

    Composed of the thin descending limb and thick ascending limb.

    Pituitary Gland Hormones

    The pituitary gland secretes 9 different hormones.

    Type 1 Diabetes

    A condition where the pancreas is insulin resistant.

    Anabolism

    The process that creates new molecules for growth and repair.

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    Catabolism

    Responsible for breaking down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.

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    Cellular Respiration

    Provides most of the ATP used for energy in cells.

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    Mitosis Phases

    Includes Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

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    Mitochondrial Disease

    Condition affecting mitochondria's ability to generate energy.

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    Types of Muscle Tissue

    The three types are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

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    Covalent Bond

    A bond formed when two molecules share electrons.

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    Lymph

    A fluid rich in white blood cells circulating in lymphatic vessels.

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    Spleen's Role

    Filters blood and helps fight infections in the lymphatic system.

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    Lymphatic System Function

    Maintains fluid balance and protects against infections.

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    T Cells

    They attack infected cells in the immune response.

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    Epiglottis Function

    Prevents food or liquids from entering the respiratory tract when swallowing.

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    True Vocal Cords

    They vibrate to produce sound waves when air passes through the glottis.

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    Alveoli Surfactant

    An oily secretion that prevents the alveoli from collapsing.

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    Pulmonary Embolism

    A blockage of a branch in a pulmonary artery.

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    Heart Apex

    The pointed tip of the heart.

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    Cardiac Muscle Junctions

    Specialized sites that allow electrical impulses to propagate.

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    Atrioventricular Valves

    Valves that connect each atrium to its corresponding ventricle.

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    Whole Blood

    Together, plasma and formed elements constitute this.

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    Platelets Function

    Contain enzymes and factors important to blood clotting.

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    Hemoglobin

    A protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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    Capillaries

    The smallest blood vessels in the human body, allowing for exchange of substances.

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    Tunica interna

    The innermost layer of a blood vessel.

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    Vasoconstriction

    The constriction of blood vessels, increasing blood pressure.

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    Vasodilation

    The relaxation of blood vessels, increasing the diameter and decreasing blood pressure.

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    Afferent impulses

    Nerve impulses carrying information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system.

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    Myelin

    A fatty sheath that insulates axons and speeds up action potentials.

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    Potassium ions

    Ions that cause neurons to become hyperpolarized, inhibiting action potentials.

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    Neuromuscular junction

    The point where a neuron communicates with a muscle cell.

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    Sympathetic nervous system

    Part of the autonomic nervous system controlling 'fight or flight' responses.

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    Cholinergic receptors

    Receptors that respond to acetylcholine, part of the parasympathetic nervous system.

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    Hypothalamus

    A brain region regulating many body functions, releasing hormones like ADH and oxytocin.

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    Hormone

    A chemical messenger that is released in one tissue and transported by blood to target cells in other tissues.

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    Luteinizing hormone (LH)

    Hormone responsible for secretion of testosterone in males and ovulation in females.

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    Meiosis

    A type of cell division that produces haploid gametes for reproduction, resulting in genetic diversity.

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    Study Notes

    A&P Final Review - Squad Presentation Q&As

    • Loop of Henle: Composed of thin descending limb and thick ascending limb.
    • Liver Location: Right upper quadrant.
    • Kidney to Bladder Connection: Ureter.
    • External Urethral Sphincter: Voluntary muscle. (True)
    • Digestive Tract Hormone Signaling: Can signal "hungry" and "full" feelings. (True)
    • Pituitary Gland Hormones: Secretes 9 hormones.
    • Hormone Structure Types: Amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, and lipid derivatives.
    • Postpartum Bleeding Hormone: Oxytocin.
    • Hypothalamus Endocrine Function: Sends signals to pituitary to control hormone release.
    • Type 1 Diabetes: Pancreas is insulin resistant.
    • Secondary Heart Hormone: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP).
    • Calcitriol Deficiency in Kids: Rickets.
    • Age-Related Female Hormone Decrease: Menopause.

    Metabolism

    • Metabolism: Process of energy transformation in the body.
    • Metabolism Goal: Balance energy production and usage.
    • Anabolism Function: Create new molecules for growth and repair.
    • Catabolism Breakdown: Fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
    • Liver Detoxification: True.
    • Kidney Metabolic Role: Regulating fluid, pH, and electrolytes.
    • ATP Capture from Catabolism: 40%.
    • ATP Source: Primarily cellular respiration. (True)
    • Metabolic Disease: Diabetes.
    • Mitochondrial Disease: Inability of mitochondria to generate energy.

    Mitosis and Cell Structure

    • PMAT: Phases of mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) – Cell duplication.
    • Atom Components: Proton, neutron, electron.
    • Muscle Tissue Types: Skeletal, cardiac, smooth.
    • Covalent Bond: Two molecules sharing electrons to become stable.
    • Molecule Definition: One or more elements bonded together.

    Lymphatic/Immune System

    • Lymph: Fluid containing white blood cells that circulates through lymphatic vessels.
    • Spleen Function: Filters blood and fights infections.
    • Lymphatic System Primary Function: Maintain fluid balance and protect against infection.
    • Immune Response Cells: White blood cells.
    • Lymph Node Function: Filter lymph and trap pathogens.
    • T Cell Function: Attack infected cells.
    • Tonsils Function: Trap and remove pathogens entering the throat.
    • Lymphatic Vessels Function: Collect and transport lymph.
    • Lymphedema: Swelling due to lymph accumulation.
    • Thymus Function: T cell maturation.

    Respiratory System

    • Respiratory Entry Point: Through the nares into the nasal cavity, and through the pharynx and oral cavity
    • Shared Digestive/Respiratory Chamber: Pharynx.
    • Mucus-producing Cells: Goblet cells.
    • Laryngeal Opening: Glottis.
    • Food/Liquid Prevention: Epiglottis.
    • Cartilage Superior to Cricoid: Thyroid cartilage.
    • Elastic Ligaments: True vocal cords.
    • Sound Production: True vocal cords.
    • Triggered Reflex: Gag reflex.
    • Trachea Structure: C-shaped cartilages.
    • Bronchi Origin: Trachea
    • Sympathetic Activation Effect: Bronchodilation.
    • Parasympathetic Activation Effect: Bronchoconstriction.
    • Respiratory Bronchiole Destination: Alveolar ducts and sacs.
    • Debris Removal Cells: Alveolar macrophages.
    • Alveoli Collapse Prevention: Surfactant.
    • Pulmonary Artery Blockage: Pulmonary embolism.
    • Chest Wall Covering: Parietal pleura.

    Cardiovascular System

    • Blood Vessel Connection: Capillaries.
    • Pulmonary Blood Return Chamber: Left atrium.
    • Heart's Enclosing Membrane: Pericardium.
    • Outer Heart Surface: Visceral pericardium (epicardium).
    • Heart Tip: Apex.
    • Heart Wall Layers: Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.
    • Cardiac Muscle Connection: Intercalated discs.
    • Atrium-to-Ventrei cle Connection: Atrioventricular valve..
    • Upper Body Blood Return: Superior vena cava.
    • Valve Support: Chordae tendineae.
    • Valve Type for Ventricle Exit: Semilunar valves.
    • Bicuspid Valve Name: Mitral valve.
    • Left Ventricle Exit Point: Aortic semilunar valve and aorta.
    • Blood and its Components: Whole blood.
    • Blood Clotting Factors: Platelets.
    • Blood Clot Framework: Fibrin.
    • Oxygen Carrier: Hemoglobin.
    • Smallest Blood Vessels: Capillaries.
    • Blood Vessel Innermost Layer: Endothelium.
    • Artery Constriction/Dilation: Vasoconstriction, vasodilation.

    Nervous System

    • Nervous System Functions: Integrates sensory info, coordinates voluntary responses, monitors internal/external environments.
    • Peripheral to Central Info Transmission: Afferent impulses.
    • Myelin Sheath: Increases action potential speed.
    • Hyperpolarization Ions: Potassium (K+).
    • Neurons Interconnect at: Neuromuscular junction.
    • Outermost Meningeal Layer: Dura mater.
    • Neurotransmitters (Excitatory and Inhibitory): Glutamate (excitatory), GABA (inhibitory).
    • Autonomic Nervous System Divisions: Sympathetic and parasympathetic.
    • Sympathetic Receptors: Adrenergic (alpha and beta).
    • Parasympathetic Receptors: Cholinergic (muscarinic and nicotinic).

    Endocrine System

    • Hormone Definition: Chemical messenger released in one tissue, transported by blood to affect other cells.
    • Posterior Pituitary Hormones: ADH (water retention) and oxytocin (uterine contractions, milk ejection).
    • Spermatogenesis Stimulating Hormone: FSH.
    • Testosterone Secretion Stimulator: LH.
    • Puberty Effects: Levels of FSH and LH increase, secondary sex characteristics emerge, oogenesis accelerates in females.

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    Prepare for your Anatomy and Physiology final with this comprehensive quiz covering essential topics. From hormone signaling to metabolism, test your knowledge of key concepts like the Loop of Henle and pituitary gland functions. Perfect for a squad study session or individual review.

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