AP Euro Chapter 26 Terms Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What was the League of Nations?

  • A military coalition against Germany
  • An international organization founded in 1919 (correct)
  • An economic alliance
  • A cultural exchange program

What countries were part of the Little Entente?

  • Czechoslovakia (correct)
  • Romania (correct)
  • Italy
  • Yugoslavia (correct)

What was the Dawes Plan?

A plan to revive the German economy through loans from the United States.

What did the Treaty of Locarno guarantee?

<p>Germany's new western borders with France and Belgium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Kellogg-Briand Pact allowed nations to pose the threat of war against one another.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Great Depression?

<p>An economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was John Maynard Keynes?

<p>An economist who advocated for massive government spending to help a collapsing economy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the aim of the Popular Front?

<p>To aid leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the New Deal?

<p>Programs and policies for economic recovery and social reform introduced by Franklin D. Roosevelt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the key principles of Mohandas Gandhi?

<p>Non-violence, independence, and gender equity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is totalitarianism?

<p>An extreme form of nondemocratic rule that seeks to transform society based on a certain ideology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Benito Mussolini?

<p>Italian fascist dictator from 1883 to 1945.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Fascio de Combattimento?

<p>Mussolini's group that laid the foundations for fascism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the Squadristi known for?

<p>Their brutality towards anyone perceived as a threat to Fascism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Blackshirts?

<p>Italy's elite storm troops organized by Mussolini.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Weimar Republic?

<p>The new German republic established after World War I with economic reparations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Adolf Hitler?

<p>German Nazi dictator during World War II.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Mein Kampf?

<p>'My Struggle' by Hitler, outlining Nazi goals and ideology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the Nazis?

<p>A German political party emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Lebensraum refer to?

<p>Hitler's expansionist theory to acquire 'living space' for the German people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Fuhrerprinzip?

<p>The leadership principle requiring absolute loyalty to a single party leader.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Enabling Act?

<p>A law that allowed Hitler to rule by decree for four years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Aryanism?

<p>The Nazi notion of a 'perfect' person and belief in racial superiority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Hitler Jugend?

<p>Hitler Youth, an organization indoctrinating young Germans into the Nazi Party.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the Nuremberg Laws?

<p>Laws that imposed severe restrictions on Jews in Nazi Germany.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Kristallnacht?

<p>The night of November 9, 1938, when mobs destroyed Jewish property in Germany.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is War Communism?

<p>The political idea of applying total war concepts to a civil conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Joseph Stalin?

<p>The Russian leader who created a totalitarian state after Lenin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the Five-Year Plans?

<p>Plans introduced by Stalin to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Stakhanov Cult?

<p>A movement stressing high achievement and sacrifice to build socialism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were collective farms?

<p>Large farms without private ownership aimed at increasing agricultural output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Spanish Civil War?

<p>A conflict from 1936 to 1939 that established Francisco Franco's dictatorship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'Birth of a Nation'?

<p>A controversial silent film that demonstrated film propaganda's power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Dopolavaro?

<p>A national recreation agency created by Mussolini in Italy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'The Decline of the West'?

<p>A novel by Oswald Spengler about Western Civilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Married Love' refer to?

<p>A work by Marie Stopes that emphasized sexual pleasure in marriage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is surrealism?

<p>An artistic movement showcasing vivid dream worlds and unreal images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Bauhaus School?

<p>A German school of architecture emphasizing modern design.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is degenerate art?

<p>Modern art that Hitler and the Nazis criticized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is socialist realism?

<p>An artistic style promoting socialism through positive depictions of Soviet life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Carl Jung?

<p>A neo-Freudian psychologist known for concepts like archetypes and collective unconscious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Ernest Rutherford?

<p>A British physicist who discovered the atomic nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

League of Nations

International organization formed after World War I to promote peace and cooperation. The U.S. refused to join, weakening its effectiveness, and it failed to stop aggression from Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.

Little Entente

Alliance between Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia formed after World War I to counter Hungary's expansionist ambitions. It was closely linked to France for support.

Dawes Plan

A plan implemented in 1924 that provided financial aid to Germany to help it recover economically after World War I. This aid was a condition for Germany to continue making reparations payments to France and England.

Treaty of Locarno

Signed in 1925, this treaty secured Germany's western borders with France and Belgium, contributing to a period of stability in Europe after World War I.

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Kellogg-Briand Pact

A 1928 pact signed by many nations, in which countries agreed to renounce war as a means of foreign policy. It was mostly symbolic and had little practical effect.

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Great Depression

A severe global economic downturn that began in 1929 with the stock market crash and lasted throughout the 1930s. It resulted in widespread unemployment, poverty, and hardship.

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John Maynard Keynes

An influential economist who advocated for government intervention in the economy during times of economic crisis. He argued that spending by the government and investment by businesses could stimulate growth and create jobs.

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The New Deal

A series of programs and reforms launched by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression in the 1930s. It aimed to provide economic relief, recovery, and reform in the U.S.

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Popular Front

A political coalition in Spain during the Spanish Civil War that united leftist forces, including Communists, Socialists, and Republicans. Figures like Ernest Hemingway were associated with this movement.

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Totalitarianism

A form of authoritarian governance where the state exerts absolute control over all aspects of society, including politics, economics, culture, and individuals' lives. It often relies on propaganda, repression, and a cult of personality.

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Fascism

A right-wing, authoritarian ideology and political movement that emerged in Italy under Benito Mussolini. It emphasized nationalism, militarism, and suppression of opposition.

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Mohandas Gandhi

A prominent Indian leader who fought for independence from British rule through nonviolent civil disobedience and resistance. He advocated for social equality and justice.

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Benito Mussolini

The Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943. He established a totalitarian regime, suppressed opposition, and waged aggressive wars.

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Adolf Hitler

The dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. He led the country into World War II, promoted extreme nationalism and racism, and was responsible for the Holocaust.

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Mein Kampf

A book written by Adolf Hitler in which he laid out his ideology, goals, and plans for Nazi Germany. It emphasized racial purity, national revival, and expansionism.

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Nuremberg Laws

Discriminatory laws passed in Nazi Germany in 1935, stripping Jews of their citizenship, rights, and opportunities. They restricted Jewish life and paved the way for the Holocaust.

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Kristallnacht

A violent pogrom against Jews in Nazi Germany on November 9, 1938. It involved widespread destruction of Jewish businesses, homes, and synagogues, and marked a turning point in the persecution of Jews.

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Joseph Stalin

The dictator of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953. He established a totalitarian regime, oversaw the elimination of political opponents, and enforced brutal economic policies.

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Five-Year Plans

Ambitious economic plans implemented by Stalin in the Soviet Union from 1928 onwards. The aim was to rapidly industrialize the country through state-controlled production of essential goods.

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Collective Farms

Massive state-controlled agricultural operations established in the Soviet Union under Stalin. While intended to boost agricultural production, they often led to shortages and famine.

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Surrealism

An artistic movement that emerged in the 1920s and 1930s, focusing on illogical and dreamlike images. It explored the unconscious mind and challenged conventional reality.

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Bauhaus School

An influential architectural and design school founded in Germany in 1919. It emphasized functional design, merging art and technology to create modern buildings and objects.

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Degenerate Art

A term used by the Nazi regime in Germany to denigrate and discredit modern art. They deemed it 'Jewish art' and promoted socialist realism instead.

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Married Love

A concept promoted by Marie Stopes in England, emphasizing the importance of sexual pleasure and satisfaction within marriage. It challenged Victorian taboos surrounding sex.

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Stakhanov Cult

A movement in the Soviet Union that encouraged exceptional productivity and hard work. It was based on the story of Alexei Stakhanov, a coal miner who achieved remarkable output.

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Ernest Rutherford

A pioneering British physicist who discovered the atomic nucleus and formulated the nuclear model of the atom. He was known for his groundbreaking research in nuclear physics.

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Carl Jung

A Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who expanded upon Freudian psychology. He is known for his theories on the collective unconscious, archetypes, and the psychological processes of individuation.

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Study Notes

International Organizations and Agreements

  • League of Nations: Established in 1919 to foster global peace; weakened by U.S. non-participation; ineffective against 1930s aggression from Italy, Japan, and Germany.
  • Little Entente: Alliance between Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia aimed at countering Hungary; closely associated with France.
  • Dawes Plan: U.S. financial aid to Germany to revive its economy; facilitated reparations payments to England and France, creating a successful circular flow of money.
  • Treaty of Locarno: Secured Germany's western borders with France and Belgium, contributing to post-World War I stability.
  • Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928 agreement where signatory nations renounced war as a tool of foreign policy.

Economic Crises and Responses

  • Great Depression: Economic downturn starting with the 1929 stock market crash, lasting throughout the 1930s, leading to widespread unemployment and hardship.
  • John Maynard Keynes: Economist advocating for government intervention in the economy; emphasized public spending and private investment to combat economic slumps.
  • The New Deal: Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1930s programs aimed at economic recovery and social reform in the U.S.

Political Movements and Ideologies

  • Popular Front: Coalition supporting leftist forces during the Spanish Civil War; included notable figures like Ernest Hemingway.
  • Totalitarianism: Authoritarian governance aiming to reshape society according to a specific ideology.
  • Fascism: Political movement led by figures like Benito Mussolini, characterized by strong nationalism and dictatorial power.

Key Historical Figures

  • Mohandas Gandhi: Prominent Indian leader advocating for independence and social equity through non-violence.
  • Benito Mussolini: Italian fascist dictator, key figure in establishing totalitarian regimes in Europe.
  • Adolf Hitler: Nazi German dictator responsible for World War II and the Holocaust; promoted extreme nationalism and anti-Semitism.

Nazi Policies and Actions

  • Mein Kampf: Hitler's autobiographical book outlining Nazi ideology and goals, emphasizing racial purity and nationalism.
  • Nuremberg Laws: Discriminatory laws limiting the rights of Jews in Germany; prohibited intermarriage and professional opportunities.
  • Kristallnacht: November 9, 1938, violent anti-Jewish pogrom resulting in widespread destruction of Jewish properties.

Soviet Union and Communism

  • Joseph Stalin: Leader of the Soviet Union, known for establishing a totalitarian regime and implementing oppressive policies.
  • Five-Year Plans: Stalin’s ambitious industrialization initiatives beginning in 1928; aimed to increase production of essential goods through state enforcement.
  • Collective Farms: Large state-controlled agricultural operations intended to increase efficiency but ultimately led to famine.

Cultural Movements and Arts

  • Surrealism: Artistic movement emphasizing dreamlike visuals and the exploration of the unconscious.
  • Bauhaus School: German architectural school merging art and functional design, popularizing modernist principles.
  • Degenerate Art: Term used by the Nazis to denigrate modern art, labeling it as "Jewish art" and promoting socialist realism instead.

Social and Cultural Reform

  • Married Love: Concept promoted in England by Marie Stopes, focusing on the importance of sexual pleasure in marriage.
  • Stakhanov Cult: Encouraged productivity and sacrifice in the Soviet Union, based on the myth of a coal miner achieving great output.

Notable Scientific Contributions

  • Ernest Rutherford: Pioneering British physicist recognized for discovering the atomic nucleus and formulating the nuclear model of the atom.
  • Carl Jung: Influential psychologist noted for his theories on collective unconsciousness and archetypes, enriching psychoanalytic thought beyond Freud.

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Explore key terms from Chapter 26 of AP European History, including significant organizations and alliances from the post-World War I era. This quiz will help you understand the historical context and implications of these terms as you prepare for your exam.

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