AP Euro Chapter 23 Flashcards

Key Ideologies and Movements

• Conservatism: Advocates for limited government involvement, traditional values, and cautiousness towards change.
• Liberalism: Prioritizes civil rights, representative government, and private property, gaining support mostly from the middle class.
• Nationalism: A strong sense of pride and devotion to one's nation.
• Romanticism: A 19th-century movement favoring emotion and passion over reason in art and literature.
• Socialism: Proposes the community's ownership and control over production and distribution of goods.

Important Historical Events and Conferences

• Congress of Vienna (1814-1815): Aimed to restore the old order post-Napoleon, emphasizing legitimacy, compensation, and balance of power.
• Carlsbad Diet (1819): Instituted by Metternich to censor unification advocacy and suppress liberal and nationalist sentiments in universities.
• Peterloo Massacre (1819): A tragic result of protests for parliamentary reform, leading to deaths and arrests.
• Decembrist Uprising (1825): A revolt by Russian army officers against Tsar Nicholas I advocating for reform.

Economic Theories and Social Structures

• Classical Liberalism: Inspired by John Locke, stresses protection of individual rights and limits on government power.
• Utilitarianism: Jeremy Bentham’s philosophy of achieving the greatest good for the majority.
• Iron Law of Wages: David Ricardo's theory that population growth keeps wages low, only enough for survival.

Romantic Literature and Key Figures

• Victor Hugo: A leading figure in French Romanticism known for works like "Les Misérables".
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Noted for "Faust" and his role in instigating the Sturm und Drang movement.
• William Wordsworth: Celebrated for "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud", contributing to the Romantic literature landscape.

Influential Artists and Their Contributions

• Caspar David Friedrich: Captured nature's power and man's independence in his landscapes.
• Eugène Delacroix: Pioneered expressive brush strokes and vivid color applications in art.
• J.W.M. Turner: Known for his use of light and fleeting qualities of nature, paving the way to Impressionism.

Nationalist Movements and Figures

• Giuseppe Mazzini: Founded Young Italy, advocating for Italian independence and national unity.
• Louis Kossuth: Led Hungarian revolts seeking autonomy from the Habsburgs in 1848-1849.
• Carbonari: Secret society in Italy aiming for nationalist goals during the Napoleonic era.

The Congress of Powers and Revolutions

• Quadruple Alliance: Consortium of Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Britain focused on maintaining balance of power and suppressing revolutions.
• Concert of Europe: Established to prevent revolutions and maintain peace in Europe post-Napoleon.

Reform Movements and Legislation

• Reform Bill of 1832: Extended voting rights to many middle-class men in Britain.
• Factory Act of 1831: Prohibited child labor for those under age 9 in Britain.
• February Revolution (1848): Resulted in the abdication of Louis-Philippe and establishment of the Second French Republic.

Musical Contributions of the Romantic Era

• Ludwig van Beethoven: German composer, significant in the development of symphonies and chamber music.
• Frédéric Chopin: Renowned for expressive piano compositions, largely focused on the instrument.
• Giuseppe Verdi: Influential Italian opera composer known for works like "Aida" and "La Traviata".

Architectural Developments

• Gothic Revival Architecture: Merged elements of medieval Gothic style indicative of the period's cultural movements.### Industrialization Responses
• Proposed social workshops and state-supported manufacturing centers aimed to address issues stemming from industrialization.
• Recognized growing resentment towards the owning class (bourgeoisie).

William Wilberforce

• British statesman and reformer; pivotal figure in the abolitionist movement.
• Instrumental in the passage that ended the English slave trade in 1807.

Mines Act, 1842

• Major legislation regulating coal mining in Britain.
• Prohibited underground employment for women, girls, and boys under the age of 10.

Chartists

• Reform movement advocating for universal male suffrage, the secret ballot, and financial compensation for Parliament members.
• Promoted the People's Charter as a foundational document for their demands.

Anti-Corn Law League

• Formed in 1838 as a coalition of Whig, liberal, and radical interests.
• Provided a political platform against high food prices caused by the Corn Laws, which were detrimental to wage earners and industrialists.
• The Irish famine catalyzed the movement as it necessitated grain imports due to crop failures.
• Resulted in the repeal of the Corn Laws by the Tory government under Sir Robert Peel.

Revolutions of 1848

• Series of democratic and nationalist uprisings across Europe, leading to the overthrow of the monarchy in France.
• Revolutions in Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary were unsuccessful in achieving their goals.

Charles Fourier

• French thinker (1772-1837) known for critiquing societal institutions.
• Proposed "phalanstries," or self-sufficient communes, as a new model for social and economic organization.
• Attempts to establish similar communities in France failed, though Brook Farm in America operated for around five years.

Karl Marx

• Lived from 1818 to 1883; influential philosopher and revolutionary.
• Considered the father of communism, formulated the belief that communism would succeed capitalism, just as capitalism succeeded feudalism.
• Advocated for a classless society free from capitalist structures.

Friedrich Engels

• Collaborated with Karl Marx on The Communist Manifesto.
• A noted German social scientist and philosopher recognized as a key figure in the development of communist theory.

The Communist Manifesto, 1848

• Co-authored by Karl Marx, outlining a predicted social revolution where the proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie.
• Propositions for establishing a classless, socialist community laid the groundwork for future communist governments.

Dialectical Materialism

• Concept developed by Karl Marx, asserting that historical change arises from class conflict.
• Economic forces are seen as driving human behavior and societal evolution.

Test your knowledge of key concepts from AP European History Chapter 23 with these flashcards. This chapter covers significant political ideologies such as conservatism and liberalism. Perfect for students preparing for exams or wanting to reinforce their understanding of European political thought.