AP Euro Chapter 21 Flashcards

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What were the forms of individualism expressed by individuals?

Long hair, beards, and outrageous clothes.

Who is Thomas Carlyle?

A historian

A poet

A philosopher

A Romantic author (correct)

What was considered the best expression of the soul?

Poetry

Deism is that God made things, but the Enlightenment is that God is _____ of things.

inside Signup and view all the answers

What were the two common threads in Romantic art?

Reflection of the artist's inner feelings and mirroring their vision of the world. Signup and view all the answers

What is depicted in 'Man and Woman Gazing at the Moon'?

Nature as a manifestation of divine life. Signup and view all the answers

Who created 'The Death of Sardanapalus'?

Eugene Delacroix Signup and view all the answers

What was Macaulay's stance on political reform?

He believed it was better to reform than to have a political revolution. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Resogimante movement about?

The movement for Italian manhood aimed at creating a united Italian republic. Signup and view all the answers

How did Catholicism change during this time?

It benefited from Romantic enthusiasm. Signup and view all the answers

What did Conservatives believe?

They favored obedience to political authority and believed organized religion was crucial to social order. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Quintuple Alliance meetings?

They agreed to withdraw their army from France and add France to the Concert of Europe. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Congress of Vienna primarily aimed at?

Establishing a balance of power in Europe Signup and view all the answers

Who led the Congress of Vienna?

Klemens von Metternich Signup and view all the answers

The principle of ______ was advocated by Metternich at the Congress of Vienna.

legitimacy Signup and view all the answers

What does the balance of power imply according to the Congress of Vienna?

No country should become too powerful Signup and view all the answers

What political view did Edmund Burke champion?

Conservatism Signup and view all the answers

Which of these individuals was a prominent figure for conservatism?

Joseph de Maistre Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Concert of Europe?

To prevent the outbreak of revolutions Signup and view all the answers

What did the Monroe Doctrine proclaim?

It warned against European intervention in Latin America Signup and view all the answers

The ______ Revolt was a rebellion against Ottoman rule in Greece.

Greek Signup and view all the answers

Match the political factions with their ideologies:

Tories = Conservatives Whigs = Liberalists Signup and view all the answers

What were the Corn Laws?

Tariffs on imported grain Signup and view all the answers

Who were Louis XVIII and Charles X?

Kings of France after the French Revolution. Signup and view all the answers

What were the Tories and Whigs' responses to changing political climates?

Tories resisted change while Whigs sought reform. Signup and view all the answers

What did the July Revolution of 1830 result in?

Establishment of a new constitutional monarchy Signup and view all the answers

What did the Reform Act of 1832 accomplish?

Disfranchised rotten boroughs and eliminated property ownership as a voting requirement. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of utopian socialism?

Cooperative living and equality. Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with the phrase 'iron law of wages'?

David Ricardo Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the London Mechanics' Institute?

To teach applied sciences to the working class. Signup and view all the answers

What were the primary themes of Romanticism?

Emotions, nature, and individual experience. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Congress of Vienna

Convened by the Quadruple Alliance: Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, led by Klemens von Metternich.
Aimed to restore peace post-Napoleonic Wars by redistributing territory and establishing a balance of power.

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian foreign minister and key architect of the Congress of Vienna.
Advocated for legitimacy, restoring hereditary monarchs to maintain stability.

Legitimacy

Metternich's principle emphasizing the restoration of legitimate monarchs to ensure peace.
Overwhelmed by pragmatic power dynamics during the Congress.

Balance of Power

Concept preventing any single country from becoming too dominant in Europe.
Prussia and Austria were strengthened to encircle France and maintain equilibrium.

Edmund Burke and Conservatism

Proposed that society is a contract, requiring preservation for future generations.
Advocated gradual change over violent revolution and emphasized traditional societal structures.

Joseph de Maistre

Strong proponent of conservatism; supported the divine right of hereditary monarchy.

Concert of Europe

A series of alliances aimed at preventing revolutions in 19th-century Europe.
Established by Metternich, involved regular meetings among the major powers.

Congress System

Institutional framework created by the Concert of Europe to sustain peace and conservative order.
Included multiple conferences, adapted to balance powers with France later joining.

Latin American Revolts

A series of independence movements led by figures like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín, liberating countries across the continent.
British intervention sought to prevent European influence in the region.

Monroe Doctrine

Issued by President James Monroe, asserting U.S. opposition to European colonialism in the Americas.
Established the Western Hemisphere as a zone free from European intervention.

Greek Revolt

Insurgency against Ottoman rule, supported by British and French intervention.
Resulted in Greek independence through the Treaty of Adrianople.

Tories and Whigs

Tories: Conservative faction favoring the aristocracy and resisting electoral changes.
Whigs: Liberal faction advocating for change and representation of industrial middle and working classes.

Corn Laws and the Peterloo Massacre

Corn Laws imposed tariffs on imported grain, benefitting landowners while raising bread prices.
The Peterloo Massacre resulted from protests against these laws leading to deaths and greater repression.

Louis XVIII and Charles X

Louis XVIII accepted Napoleonic reforms and aimed for a moderate monarchy; attempted restoration of aristocratic power encountered resistance.

Carbonari

Secret nationalist groups in Italy, advocating for revolutionary change.

German Confederation

Consisted of 38 entities, mainly Austria and Prussia, aimed at promoting German unity and governance.

Burschenschaften

Student societies promoting German nationalism and unity, suppressed after political violence.

The Decembrist Revolt

After Alexander I's death, confusion led to a revolt against Nicholas I, which was decisively crushed.

Tsar Nicholas I

Became increasingly conservative, strengthening military and police forces to suppress dissent.

Classical Economies

Advocated by liberals favoring minimal government interference and promoting individual economic liberty for societal benefit.

Thomas Malthus

Warned of population growth outpacing resources, predicting societal issues due to overpopulation.

David Ricardo's "Iron Law of Wages"

Proposed that wage levels decline as labor supply increases, perpetuating cycles of poverty.

John Stuart Mill

Key advocate of political liberalism, arguing for freedom of speech and women's rights.

"On the Subjection of Women"

Mill's work promoting gender equality through equal educational opportunities.

Utopian Socialism

This movement proposed cooperative societies free from competitive capitalism, later critiqued by Marxists as impractical.

Caspar David Friedrich

Romantic painter known for landscapes that evoke deep emotional and spiritual responses.

Louis Kossuth

Leader of Hungarian nationalist movements striving for autonomy within the Austrian Empire.

Neo-Gothic Architecture

Revival of Gothic styles characterized buildings in urban centers, signifying romantic ideals.

Sir Walter Scott

Novelist who emphasized historical narratives in his works, exploring themes of national identity.

The Sorrows of Young Werther

Goethe's novel reflecting Romantic ideals through its protagonist's tragic quest for love.

Brothers Grimm

German duo known for collating and publishing local fairy tales, contributing to cultural heritage.

Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein"

Explores consequences of unchecked ambition in science, a cautionary tale within Romantic literature.

Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron

Key Romantic poets addressing themes of individual struggle and heroism, influencing cultural narratives.

Chateaubriand's "Genius of Christianity"

Defended Romantic religious sentiments, asserting a connection between faith and artistic expression.

Ludwig van Beethoven

Esteemed composer bridging Classical and Romantic music, famous for innovative symphonies and compositions.

J.M.W. Turner and Eugene Delacroix

Turner known for luminous landscapes; Delacroix renowned for dramatic historical and political themes in painting.

William Wordsworth

Poet renowned for his works celebrating nature and the profound emotions it evokes.

Romanticism

Cultural movement emphasizing emotion, nature, and individual experience, reacting against Enlightenment rationalism.

London Mechanics' Institute

Established to provide education in applied sciences to working-class individuals, aiming to enhance societal productivity.

Parties of Movement and Resistance

Political factions in France advocating for different approaches to governance post-revolution.

July Revolution of 1830

Resulted from public discontent with Charles X's ordinances, leading to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.

Louis Blanc and Flora Tristan

Advocates for social reform and women's rights, promoting socialism and equality through their writings and activism.

Robert Owen's New Lanark

Community founded on principles of cooperative living demonstrating potential for social harmony.

Reform Act of 1832

Expanded voting rights in Britain by addressing corrupt electoral practices, benefitting the middle class.

Second Republic

Established in France after the revolution, characterized by a unicameral legislature and universal suffrage.

New Police Forces

Emergence of organized police in Paris, London, and Germany aimed at maintaining order and social control.

Jacksonian Democracy

Era marked by increased voter participation and opposition to property restrictions in the U.S. political landscape.

Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy

Mazzini's nationalist movement aimed at unifying Italy under a republican governance model.

Frankfurt Assembly

Attempt to unify Germany through a constitutional assembly, ultimately hindered by internal disagreements.

Charles Fourier's Phalansteries

Proposed communal living setups that embodied early socialist principles, though never fully implemented.

Romantic Writers

Focused on emotions and individualism, often expressed through distinctive fashion and styles.

Thomas Carlyle

Advocated for the role of individual heroes in shaping historical movements and societal changes.

Best Expression of the Soul

Poetry viewed as the highest form of artistic expression, revealing deeper truths about existence.

Deism vs Enlightenment

Distinction between belief in a creator's separation from the world versus seeing God as inherent in nature.

Romantic Art's Common Threads

Artistic expressions emphasizing personal emotions, aiming to reflect the artist's vision and imagination.

Works of Caspar David Friedrich

His landscapes emphasize nature as a spiritual presence, showcasing inner vision.

Delacroix's "The Death of Sardanapalus"

Known for its vivid colors and dramatic composition, though critics found it unconventional.

Macaulay

Historian supporting political reforms in Britain, believing in the importance of gradual change over revolution.

Resogimante

Movement for Italian unity primarily led by Mazzini's Young Italy, advocating for national identity.

Religion during this Era

Romanticism fueled a resurgence in Catholicism, with more individuals converting to the faith.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts from AP European History Chapter 21. This chapter covers significant meetings and figures like the Congress of Vienna and Klemens von Metternich. Use these flashcards to prepare for exams and deepen your understanding of European political history.