AP Euro Chapter 21 Flashcards

Congress of Vienna

• Convened by the Quadruple Alliance: Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, led by Klemens von Metternich.
• Aimed to restore peace post-Napoleonic Wars by redistributing territory and establishing a balance of power.

Klemens von Metternich

• Austrian foreign minister and key architect of the Congress of Vienna.
• Advocated for legitimacy, restoring hereditary monarchs to maintain stability.

Legitimacy

• Metternich's principle emphasizing the restoration of legitimate monarchs to ensure peace.
• Overwhelmed by pragmatic power dynamics during the Congress.

Balance of Power

• Concept preventing any single country from becoming too dominant in Europe.
• Prussia and Austria were strengthened to encircle France and maintain equilibrium.

Edmund Burke and Conservatism

• Proposed that society is a contract, requiring preservation for future generations.
• Advocated gradual change over violent revolution and emphasized traditional societal structures.

Joseph de Maistre

• Strong proponent of conservatism; supported the divine right of hereditary monarchy.

Concert of Europe

• A series of alliances aimed at preventing revolutions in 19th-century Europe.
• Established by Metternich, involved regular meetings among the major powers.

Congress System

• Institutional framework created by the Concert of Europe to sustain peace and conservative order.
• Included multiple conferences, adapted to balance powers with France later joining.

Latin American Revolts

• A series of independence movements led by figures like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín, liberating countries across the continent.
• British intervention sought to prevent European influence in the region.

Monroe Doctrine

• Issued by President James Monroe, asserting U.S. opposition to European colonialism in the Americas.
• Established the Western Hemisphere as a zone free from European intervention.

Greek Revolt

• Insurgency against Ottoman rule, supported by British and French intervention.
• Resulted in Greek independence through the Treaty of Adrianople.

Tories and Whigs

• Tories: Conservative faction favoring the aristocracy and resisting electoral changes.
• Whigs: Liberal faction advocating for change and representation of industrial middle and working classes.

Corn Laws and the Peterloo Massacre

• Corn Laws imposed tariffs on imported grain, benefitting landowners while raising bread prices.
• The Peterloo Massacre resulted from protests against these laws leading to deaths and greater repression.

Louis XVIII and Charles X

• Louis XVIII accepted Napoleonic reforms and aimed for a moderate monarchy; attempted restoration of aristocratic power encountered resistance.

Carbonari

• Secret nationalist groups in Italy, advocating for revolutionary change.

German Confederation

• Consisted of 38 entities, mainly Austria and Prussia, aimed at promoting German unity and governance.

Burschenschaften

• Student societies promoting German nationalism and unity, suppressed after political violence.

The Decembrist Revolt

• After Alexander I's death, confusion led to a revolt against Nicholas I, which was decisively crushed.

Tsar Nicholas I

• Became increasingly conservative, strengthening military and police forces to suppress dissent.

Classical Economies

• Advocated by liberals favoring minimal government interference and promoting individual economic liberty for societal benefit.

Thomas Malthus

• Warned of population growth outpacing resources, predicting societal issues due to overpopulation.

David Ricardo's "Iron Law of Wages"

• Proposed that wage levels decline as labor supply increases, perpetuating cycles of poverty.

John Stuart Mill

• Key advocate of political liberalism, arguing for freedom of speech and women's rights.

"On the Subjection of Women"

• Mill's work promoting gender equality through equal educational opportunities.

Utopian Socialism

• This movement proposed cooperative societies free from competitive capitalism, later critiqued by Marxists as impractical.

Caspar David Friedrich

• Romantic painter known for landscapes that evoke deep emotional and spiritual responses.

Louis Kossuth

• Leader of Hungarian nationalist movements striving for autonomy within the Austrian Empire.

Neo-Gothic Architecture

• Revival of Gothic styles characterized buildings in urban centers, signifying romantic ideals.

Sir Walter Scott

• Novelist who emphasized historical narratives in his works, exploring themes of national identity.

The Sorrows of Young Werther

• Goethe's novel reflecting Romantic ideals through its protagonist's tragic quest for love.

Brothers Grimm

• German duo known for collating and publishing local fairy tales, contributing to cultural heritage.

Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein"

• Explores consequences of unchecked ambition in science, a cautionary tale within Romantic literature.

Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron

• Key Romantic poets addressing themes of individual struggle and heroism, influencing cultural narratives.

Chateaubriand's "Genius of Christianity"

• Defended Romantic religious sentiments, asserting a connection between faith and artistic expression.

Ludwig van Beethoven

• Esteemed composer bridging Classical and Romantic music, famous for innovative symphonies and compositions.

J.M.W. Turner and Eugene Delacroix

• Turner known for luminous landscapes; Delacroix renowned for dramatic historical and political themes in painting.

William Wordsworth

• Poet renowned for his works celebrating nature and the profound emotions it evokes.

Romanticism

• Cultural movement emphasizing emotion, nature, and individual experience, reacting against Enlightenment rationalism.

London Mechanics' Institute

• Established to provide education in applied sciences to working-class individuals, aiming to enhance societal productivity.

Parties of Movement and Resistance

• Political factions in France advocating for different approaches to governance post-revolution.

July Revolution of 1830

• Resulted from public discontent with Charles X's ordinances, leading to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.

Louis Blanc and Flora Tristan

• Advocates for social reform and women's rights, promoting socialism and equality through their writings and activism.

Robert Owen's New Lanark

• Community founded on principles of cooperative living demonstrating potential for social harmony.

Reform Act of 1832

• Expanded voting rights in Britain by addressing corrupt electoral practices, benefitting the middle class.

Second Republic

• Established in France after the revolution, characterized by a unicameral legislature and universal suffrage.

New Police Forces

• Emergence of organized police in Paris, London, and Germany aimed at maintaining order and social control.

Jacksonian Democracy

• Era marked by increased voter participation and opposition to property restrictions in the U.S. political landscape.

Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy

• Mazzini's nationalist movement aimed at unifying Italy under a republican governance model.

Frankfurt Assembly

• Attempt to unify Germany through a constitutional assembly, ultimately hindered by internal disagreements.

Charles Fourier's Phalansteries

• Proposed communal living setups that embodied early socialist principles, though never fully implemented.

Romantic Writers

• Focused on emotions and individualism, often expressed through distinctive fashion and styles.

Thomas Carlyle

• Advocated for the role of individual heroes in shaping historical movements and societal changes.

Best Expression of the Soul

• Poetry viewed as the highest form of artistic expression, revealing deeper truths about existence.

Deism vs Enlightenment

• Distinction between belief in a creator's separation from the world versus seeing God as inherent in nature.

Romantic Art's Common Threads

• Artistic expressions emphasizing personal emotions, aiming to reflect the artist's vision and imagination.

Works of Caspar David Friedrich

• His landscapes emphasize nature as a spiritual presence, showcasing inner vision.

Delacroix's "The Death of Sardanapalus"

• Known for its vivid colors and dramatic composition, though critics found it unconventional.

Macaulay

• Historian supporting political reforms in Britain, believing in the importance of gradual change over revolution.

Resogimante

• Movement for Italian unity primarily led by Mazzini's Young Italy, advocating for national identity.

Religion during this Era

• Romanticism fueled a resurgence in Catholicism, with more individuals converting to the faith.

Test your knowledge on key concepts from AP European History Chapter 21. This chapter covers significant meetings and figures like the Congress of Vienna and Klemens von Metternich. Use these flashcards to prepare for exams and deepen your understanding of European political history.