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Questions and Answers
What is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in an atom?
What is the trend in atomic radius across a period?
What is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom?
Which block of the periodic table includes the transition metals?
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What is the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond?
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What is the result of the increase in effective nuclear charge (Zeff) across a period?
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What is the trend in ionization energy down a group?
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What is the unit of measurement for energy in chemistry?
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What technique is used to measure the energy of electrons emitted from an atom?
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What is the trend in electronegativity across a period?
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Study Notes
Atomic Structure
- Atomic structure consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons
- Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, while electrons orbit around it
- Electrons are arranged in energy levels or shells, with each shell having a specific capacity
Effective Nuclear Charge
- Effective nuclear charge (Zeff) is the net positive charge experienced by an electron in an atom
- Zeff is the result of the attractive force between the nucleus and electrons, and the repulsive force between electrons
- Zeff increases from left to right across a period, and decreases down a group
Atomic Radius Trends
- Atomic radius decreases from left to right across a period, and increases down a group
- This is due to the increase in Zeff, which pulls electrons closer to the nucleus
- Atomic radius is measured in picometers (pm)
Ionization Energy
- Ionization energy (IE) is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom
- IE increases from left to right across a period, and decreases down a group
- This is due to the increase in Zeff, which makes it harder to remove an electron
Periodic Table Blocks
- The periodic table is divided into blocks based on the last orbital filled
- The blocks are:
- s-block (alkali metals and alkaline earth metals)
- p-block (nonmetals and metalloids)
- d-block (transition metals)
- f-block (lanthanides and actinides)
Electronegativity
- Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond
- Electronegativity increases from left to right across a period, and decreases down a group
- Electronegativity is measured using the Pauling scale, with higher values indicating greater electronegativity
Force of Energy
- Not a specific topic in AP Chemistry, but energy is a fundamental concept in chemistry
- Energy is the ability to do work, and is measured in units such as joules (J)
Photoelectron Spectroscopy
- Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is a technique used to measure the energy of electrons emitted from an atom
- PES involves bombarding atoms with high-energy radiation, causing electrons to be emitted
- The energy of the emitted electrons is measured, providing information about the atomic orbitals and electron binding energies
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Description
Test your knowledge of atomic structure, including effective nuclear charge, atomic radius trends, ionization energy, periodic table blocks, electronegativity, and more.
