A&P Chapter 2 Quiz

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is not considered a form of matter?

X-ray (correct)

Liquid

Gas

Solid

Which of the following is not a fundamental subatomic particle that forms elements?

Neutron

Proton

Electron

Nucleus (correct)

Which of the following statements is true concerning the characteristics of either compounds or mixtures?

Compounds are merely physical combinations.

Compounds are formed by chemical bonds between different kinds of atoms. (correct)

Mixtures are formed by chemical reactions.

Mixtures have fixed compositions.

Which of the following is not a compound?

Oxygen Gas Signup and view all the answers

Except for elements with atomic number 1 and 2, all other elements are stable with how many electrons in their outermost (valence) energy level?

8 Signup and view all the answers

What type of chemical bond is most likely to occur between sodium and chlorine?

ionic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a decomposition reaction?

MgO2 → Mg + O2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of a solution of NaOH with a pH of 8.3?

alkaline solution Signup and view all the answers

Which organic molecules form the major structural materials of the body?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells?

ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which parts of atoms can interact (react) to form chemical bonds?

valence electrons Signup and view all the answers

Are atoms of oxygen stable, and why or why not?

No, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability. Signup and view all the answers

Do carbon atoms have four valence electrons? Are they likely to react with other atoms, and why or why not?

Yes, because they can become more stable by doing so. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding?

Atoms Signup and view all the answers

Foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. This would be an example of which characteristic of water?

Water acts as a reactant. Signup and view all the answers

How does water dissolve the salt (NaCl) in your mouth from a salty pretzel?

Water acts as a solvent because the partial negative charge on the oxygen in water attracts sodium, while the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts chloride. Signup and view all the answers

In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following?

Both a colloid and an electrolyte Signup and view all the answers

Which pH is more acidic, a pH of 3, a pH of 7, or a pH of 9?

pH of 3 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions would be considered a major anion in the body?

Chloride Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as?

steroid Signup and view all the answers

Formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen atoms and what else?

polar covalent bonds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly ranks the types of chemical bonds, in order, from strongest to weakest?

Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds?

Only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a result of hydrogen bonds?

A molecule of hydrogen gas Signup and view all the answers

Something with a pH of 5 would __________.

have more H+ ions than OH- ions Signup and view all the answers

In biochemistry, and thus in the body, the universal solvent is __________.

water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors would speed up the rate of a chemical reaction?

High concentration of reacting particles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding hydrolysis reactions?

Water is added and building blocks are released. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of chemical reactions always involves atoms or molecules combining to form a larger, more complex molecule?

synthesis Signup and view all the answers

If a cell were to become larger, but not gain or lose any of the chemicals inside, what would happen to the rate of chemical reactions?

Chemical reactions would slow down. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a way to distinguish an acid from a base?

Signup and view all the answers

All ions are __________.

electrolytes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Forms of Matter and Matter Composition

X-rays are not considered a form of matter; they are a type of electromagnetic radiation.
Nucleus is not a fundamental subatomic particle; protons and neutrons are.
Compounds consist of atoms held together by chemical bonds, unlike mixtures which can be physically blended.

Compounds and Stability

Oxygen gas (O₂) is not a compound; it is a molecule consisting of two oxygen atoms.
Most elements (excluding hydrogen and helium) are stable with 8 valence electrons, following the Octet Rule.
Sodium (Na) has one valence electron, and chlorine (Cl) has seven, leading to an ionic bond formation between them.

Chemical Reactions and Properties of Water

A decomposition reaction, such as MgO2 → Mg + O2, occurs when larger molecules break down into smaller molecules or elements.
An alkaline solution has a pH above 7; NaOH with a pH of 8.3 is classified as alkaline.
Proteins serve as major structural components in the body and are vital for cellular functions.

Energy in Cells

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells, releasing energy upon hydrolysis.
Valence electrons are involved in forming chemical bonds; only these outer electrons interact between atoms.

Stability of Atoms

Oxygen atoms, with 8 electrons but only 6 valence electrons, are unstable and seek to gain or share two additional electrons.
Carbon atoms, possessing four valence electrons, are reactive and will interact with other atoms to achieve stability.

Chemical Bonds and Water Properties

Chemical bonding does not produce atoms; rather, it creates larger structures from existing atoms.
Water acts as a reactant in biochemical reactions, necessary for processes like starch hydrolysis.
Water dissolves salt (NaCl) by breaking the ionic bond through its polar nature, separating sodium and chloride ions.

Electrolytes and pH Levels

Proteins in plasma are considered solutes and can be classified as colloids and electrolytes due to their size and charge.
Lower pH values indicate higher acidity; thus, a pH of 3 is the most acidic compared to pH 7 and pH 9.
Chloride ions are significant anions in the body, playing essential roles in physiological functions.

Types of Lipids and Bond Strength

Cortisol is classified as a steroid, a category of lipid hormone synthesized from cholesterol.
Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent and ionic bonds; they are interactions between molecules rather than true chemical bonds.

Chemical Reaction Dynamics

Increasing the concentration of reacting particles typically speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
Hydrolysis reactions involve adding water to break down larger molecules into smaller units.
Synthesis reactions always result in the formation of larger, more complex molecules from smaller ones.

Impact of Cell Size on Reactions

An increase in cell size without a change in internal chemicals would lead to slower rates of chemical reactions due to decreased reactant proximity.

General Concepts

All ions function as electrolytes, which are particles dissolved in body fluids that conduct electricity.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of matter and subatomic particles with this quiz based on Chapter 2 of A&P. Understand the distinctions between compounds and mixtures as you tackle various questions. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of basic chemistry principles!