Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is not considered a form of matter?
Which of the following is not considered a form of matter?
Which of the following is not a fundamental subatomic particle that forms elements?
Which of the following is not a fundamental subatomic particle that forms elements?
Which of the following statements is true concerning the characteristics of either compounds or mixtures?
Which of the following statements is true concerning the characteristics of either compounds or mixtures?
Which of the following is not a compound?
Which of the following is not a compound?
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Except for elements with atomic number 1 and 2, all other elements are stable with how many electrons in their outermost (valence) energy level?
Except for elements with atomic number 1 and 2, all other elements are stable with how many electrons in their outermost (valence) energy level?
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What type of chemical bond is most likely to occur between sodium and chlorine?
What type of chemical bond is most likely to occur between sodium and chlorine?
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Which of the following is an example of a decomposition reaction?
Which of the following is an example of a decomposition reaction?
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What is the classification of a solution of NaOH with a pH of 8.3?
What is the classification of a solution of NaOH with a pH of 8.3?
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Which organic molecules form the major structural materials of the body?
Which organic molecules form the major structural materials of the body?
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What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells?
What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells?
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Which parts of atoms can interact (react) to form chemical bonds?
Which parts of atoms can interact (react) to form chemical bonds?
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Are atoms of oxygen stable, and why or why not?
Are atoms of oxygen stable, and why or why not?
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Do carbon atoms have four valence electrons? Are they likely to react with other atoms, and why or why not?
Do carbon atoms have four valence electrons? Are they likely to react with other atoms, and why or why not?
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Which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding?
Which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding?
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Foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. This would be an example of which characteristic of water?
Foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. This would be an example of which characteristic of water?
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How does water dissolve the salt (NaCl) in your mouth from a salty pretzel?
How does water dissolve the salt (NaCl) in your mouth from a salty pretzel?
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In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following?
In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following?
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Which pH is more acidic, a pH of 3, a pH of 7, or a pH of 9?
Which pH is more acidic, a pH of 3, a pH of 7, or a pH of 9?
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Which of the following ions would be considered a major anion in the body?
Which of the following ions would be considered a major anion in the body?
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Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as?
Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as?
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Formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen atoms and what else?
Formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen atoms and what else?
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Which of the following correctly ranks the types of chemical bonds, in order, from strongest to weakest?
Which of the following correctly ranks the types of chemical bonds, in order, from strongest to weakest?
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What distinguishes hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds?
What distinguishes hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds?
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Which of the following is not a result of hydrogen bonds?
Which of the following is not a result of hydrogen bonds?
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Something with a pH of 5 would __________.
Something with a pH of 5 would __________.
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In biochemistry, and thus in the body, the universal solvent is __________.
In biochemistry, and thus in the body, the universal solvent is __________.
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Which of the following factors would speed up the rate of a chemical reaction?
Which of the following factors would speed up the rate of a chemical reaction?
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Which of the following is true regarding hydrolysis reactions?
Which of the following is true regarding hydrolysis reactions?
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Which of the following types of chemical reactions always involves atoms or molecules combining to form a larger, more complex molecule?
Which of the following types of chemical reactions always involves atoms or molecules combining to form a larger, more complex molecule?
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If a cell were to become larger, but not gain or lose any of the chemicals inside, what would happen to the rate of chemical reactions?
If a cell were to become larger, but not gain or lose any of the chemicals inside, what would happen to the rate of chemical reactions?
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Which of the following is not a way to distinguish an acid from a base?
Which of the following is not a way to distinguish an acid from a base?
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All ions are __________.
All ions are __________.
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Study Notes
Forms of Matter and Matter Composition
- X-rays are not considered a form of matter; they are a type of electromagnetic radiation.
- Nucleus is not a fundamental subatomic particle; protons and neutrons are.
- Compounds consist of atoms held together by chemical bonds, unlike mixtures which can be physically blended.
Compounds and Stability
- Oxygen gas (O₂) is not a compound; it is a molecule consisting of two oxygen atoms.
- Most elements (excluding hydrogen and helium) are stable with 8 valence electrons, following the Octet Rule.
- Sodium (Na) has one valence electron, and chlorine (Cl) has seven, leading to an ionic bond formation between them.
Chemical Reactions and Properties of Water
- A decomposition reaction, such as MgO2 → Mg + O2, occurs when larger molecules break down into smaller molecules or elements.
- An alkaline solution has a pH above 7; NaOH with a pH of 8.3 is classified as alkaline.
- Proteins serve as major structural components in the body and are vital for cellular functions.
Energy in Cells
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells, releasing energy upon hydrolysis.
- Valence electrons are involved in forming chemical bonds; only these outer electrons interact between atoms.
Stability of Atoms
- Oxygen atoms, with 8 electrons but only 6 valence electrons, are unstable and seek to gain or share two additional electrons.
- Carbon atoms, possessing four valence electrons, are reactive and will interact with other atoms to achieve stability.
Chemical Bonds and Water Properties
- Chemical bonding does not produce atoms; rather, it creates larger structures from existing atoms.
- Water acts as a reactant in biochemical reactions, necessary for processes like starch hydrolysis.
- Water dissolves salt (NaCl) by breaking the ionic bond through its polar nature, separating sodium and chloride ions.
Electrolytes and pH Levels
- Proteins in plasma are considered solutes and can be classified as colloids and electrolytes due to their size and charge.
- Lower pH values indicate higher acidity; thus, a pH of 3 is the most acidic compared to pH 7 and pH 9.
- Chloride ions are significant anions in the body, playing essential roles in physiological functions.
Types of Lipids and Bond Strength
- Cortisol is classified as a steroid, a category of lipid hormone synthesized from cholesterol.
- Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent and ionic bonds; they are interactions between molecules rather than true chemical bonds.
Chemical Reaction Dynamics
- Increasing the concentration of reacting particles typically speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
- Hydrolysis reactions involve adding water to break down larger molecules into smaller units.
- Synthesis reactions always result in the formation of larger, more complex molecules from smaller ones.
Impact of Cell Size on Reactions
- An increase in cell size without a change in internal chemicals would lead to slower rates of chemical reactions due to decreased reactant proximity.
General Concepts
- All ions function as electrolytes, which are particles dissolved in body fluids that conduct electricity.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of matter and subatomic particles with this quiz based on Chapter 2 of A&P. Understand the distinctions between compounds and mixtures as you tackle various questions. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of basic chemistry principles!
