A&P Chapter 16 Homework Flashcards

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?

Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?

What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane?

Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?

Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?

Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins?

Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?

Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels?

Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified?

_____ is the situation when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present.

Hormonal Mechanisms and Functions

Hormones with intracellular receptors include cortisol, which can pass through cell membranes due to being lipid-soluble.
Lipid-soluble hormones increase protein synthesis by activating genes within the target cells.
Upon binding to intracellular receptors, lipid-soluble hormones form a complex that acts as a transcription factor, driving gene expression by binding to DNA.
Thyroid hormone receptors are unique as they remain bound to DNA even in the absence of the hormone.

Receptor Interactions and Hormone Types

Chaperone proteins prevent intracellular receptors from binding to DNA until the corresponding hormone is present.
Water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine, bind to receptors located on the cell membrane, unlike lipid-soluble hormones.
Growth factors like insulin utilize tyrosine kinase receptors for their actions.

Signaling Pathways

Phosphodiesterase is the enzyme responsible for degrading cAMP, thereby inactivating the hormonal response.
The activation of Gs proteins proceeds through several stages: activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, and subsequent conversion of ATP to cAMP.
IP3 serves as a second messenger that facilitates the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Receptor Response and Hormonal Interactions

Beta adrenergic receptors are responsible for increasing cAMP levels in response to hormones.
Synergism occurs when multiple hormones act on a target cell, resulting in amplified effects, enhancing the overall response.
Permissiveness describes a situation where the presence of one hormone is necessary for another hormone to exert its full biological effect.

Explore the key concepts of A&P Chapter 16 with these flashcards. Learn about hormone mechanisms, intracellular receptors, and the action of lipid-soluble hormones. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of anatomy and physiology.