Questions and Answers
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?
What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?
Activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell.
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?
Acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene.
Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?
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What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?
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What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane?
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Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?
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Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?
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Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins?
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Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?
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Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels?
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Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified?
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_____ is the situation when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present.
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Study Notes
Hormonal Mechanisms and Functions
- Hormones with intracellular receptors include cortisol, which can pass through cell membranes due to being lipid-soluble.
- Lipid-soluble hormones increase protein synthesis by activating genes within the target cells.
- Upon binding to intracellular receptors, lipid-soluble hormones form a complex that acts as a transcription factor, driving gene expression by binding to DNA.
- Thyroid hormone receptors are unique as they remain bound to DNA even in the absence of the hormone.
Receptor Interactions and Hormone Types
- Chaperone proteins prevent intracellular receptors from binding to DNA until the corresponding hormone is present.
- Water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine, bind to receptors located on the cell membrane, unlike lipid-soluble hormones.
- Growth factors like insulin utilize tyrosine kinase receptors for their actions.
Signaling Pathways
- Phosphodiesterase is the enzyme responsible for degrading cAMP, thereby inactivating the hormonal response.
- The activation of Gs proteins proceeds through several stages: activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, and subsequent conversion of ATP to cAMP.
- IP3 serves as a second messenger that facilitates the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Receptor Response and Hormonal Interactions
- Beta adrenergic receptors are responsible for increasing cAMP levels in response to hormones.
- Synergism occurs when multiple hormones act on a target cell, resulting in amplified effects, enhancing the overall response.
- Permissiveness describes a situation where the presence of one hormone is necessary for another hormone to exert its full biological effect.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of A&P Chapter 16 with these flashcards. Learn about hormone mechanisms, intracellular receptors, and the action of lipid-soluble hormones. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of anatomy and physiology.
