A&P Chapter 11: Blood and Blood Vessels Quiz

Questions and Answers

Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located?

Carotid sinus and aortic arch (correct)

Cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata

Within smooth muscle cells of arterioles

In the adrenal medulla

If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?

Decreased PNS and SNS activity

Decreased PNS activity and increased SNS activity

Increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity (correct)

Increased PNS and SNS activity

Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles?

Increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

Decreased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system

Increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system

Decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system (correct)

Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following?

An increase in heart rate and contractility Signup and view all the answers

A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following?

An increase in heart contractility Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following causes the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla?

A decrease in blood pressure at the baroreceptors Signup and view all the answers

In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by _______.

blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the _ minus the hydrostatic pressure in the _.

capillaries; interstitial fluid Signup and view all the answers

If the capillary hydrostatic pressure at the arteriole end is 35 mmHg and the interstitial hydrostatic pressure is 1 mmHg, what is the net hydrostatic pressure at the arteriole end?

34 mmHg Signup and view all the answers

The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by _______.

proteins in the blood Signup and view all the answers

Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?

Net osmotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

Why does reabsorption of fluid into the capillary take place at the venule end?

Net osmotic pressure is greater than the net hydrostatic pressure at the venule end. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a formed element in the blood?

Albumins Signup and view all the answers

What is the fluid matrix of blood called?

Plasma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a red blood cell?

Red blood cells have a nucleus and divide readily. Signup and view all the answers

Which white blood cell is the most common and functions as a phagocyte that engulfs pathogens or debris or releases cytotoxic enzymes and chemicals?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

Blood, blood vessels, heart. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of blood?

Transport of gases, carry nutrients, hormones, metabolic waste, regulates pH, immune function, thermoregulation, reduces fluid loss (clotting). Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of blood?

Plasma, formed elements (cells/cell fragments). Signup and view all the answers

What are the major properties of blood?

Blood temp. is roughly 100.4 degrees, five times as thick as water, slightly alkaline (avg. pH is 7.40). Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of plasma proteins?

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen. Signup and view all the answers

What does plasma consist of?

Plasma proteins and other solutes. Signup and view all the answers

What makes up the other solutes in plasma?

Electrolytes, organic nutrients, organic wastes. Signup and view all the answers

What do the formed elements consist of?

Platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are platelets?

Small, membrane-bound cell fragments, largely responsible for the clotting process. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of white blood cells (WBCs)?

They participate in the body's defense mechanisms and respond to chemical signals. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of red blood cells (RBCs)?

Transport oxygen through blood, can form stacks to ease blood flow, very flexible. Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of white blood cells?

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes. Signup and view all the answers

How much plasma does whole blood consist of?

Plasma is 55% of the volume of whole blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is the hematocrit?

The percentage of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements. Signup and view all the answers

What are antigens?

Substances that trigger a defense mechanism called an immune response. Signup and view all the answers

What are surface antigens?

Substances your immune system recognizes as 'normal' (ignores them). Signup and view all the answers

What do antibodies do?

Attack foreign proteins and pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 most important surface antigens?

A, B, and Rh (D). Signup and view all the answers

What are the four blood types?

Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O. Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue is blood considered?

Connective. Signup and view all the answers

What is hemoglobin?

An iron-containing, oxygen-transport protein inside RBC. Signup and view all the answers

What is anemia?

Lack of iron in blood. Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms of anemia?

Pale, fatigue, little to no energy. Signup and view all the answers

How does the Rh antigen affect blood type?

If you have Rh, blood type is positive; without Rh, blood type is negative. Signup and view all the answers

What is agglutination?

Where there is a cross-reaction between blood types and RBCs begin to clump together. Signup and view all the answers

What is hemolysis?

Where RBCs rupture. Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is considered a universal donor?

O- Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is considered a universal receiver?

AB+ Signup and view all the answers

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

Occurs when the blood types of a mother and the baby are incompatible. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of WBCs?

Granular leukocytes and agranular leukocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of granular leukocytes?

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of agranular leukocytes?

Monocytes and lymphocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure and function of neutrophils?

Structure: round, may resemble string of beads; Function: phagocytic (clean up debris). Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure and function of eosinophils?

Structure: round, nucleus has two lobes, bright red; Function: phagocytic (clean up debris). Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure and function of basophils?

Structure: round, nucleus cannot be seen, blue; Function: enter damaged tissues and release chemicals promoting inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure and function of monocytes?

Structure: very large, kidney bean-to horseshoe shaped; Function: phagocytic (clean up debris). Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure and function of lymphocytes?

Structure: round cell, slightly larger than RBC; Function: cells of the lymphatic system, defend against toxins/pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is hemostasis?

It is responsible for stopping the loss of blood through the walls of damaged vessels (clotting). Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 phases of the clotting process?

The vascular phase, the platelet phase, the coagulation phase. Signup and view all the answers

The average pH of blood falls in a range of

Slightly alkaline Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?

Neural processing Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the artery or vein wall contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle?

Tunica media Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessels of the pulmonary circuit deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart?

Pulmonary veins Signup and view all the answers

The final step in the coagulation phase is

Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic associated with a typical artery that would NOT be seen in a vein?

Internal and external elastic membrane Signup and view all the answers

Why is there a circular route of arteries to the brain?

If the vertebral arteries become blocked, the brain can receive blood from the carotid arteries and vice versa. Signup and view all the answers

The descending aorta is divided into

Thoracic and abdominal aortas by the diaphragm. Signup and view all the answers

A person's blood type is AB neg (the least common blood type). Which surface antigen(s) are present on their RBCs?

B Signup and view all the answers

A person's RBCs have only Rh antigens. What is their blood type?

O pos Signup and view all the answers

If you have type O pos blood, which antibodies are present in your blood plasma?

None Signup and view all the answers

If you have type AB pos blood, which antibodies are present in your blood plasma?

None Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is the 'universal recipient' - can accept blood of any type? (Remember that in blood transfusions, only RBCs are given.)

AB pos Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is the 'universal donor' - can donate to people with blood of any type? (Remember that in blood transfusions, only RBCs are given.)

O neg Signup and view all the answers

The femoral artery is a continuation of the

External iliac Signup and view all the answers

A blockage in the popliteal artery would restrict blood flow to the

Anterior and posterior tibial arteries Signup and view all the answers

The vessel that drains blood from the brain is the

Internal jugular Signup and view all the answers

The circuit that begins at the right ventricle and ends at the left atrium is the ________ circuit.

pulmonary Signup and view all the answers

The brachial artery divides and branches directly into the

Radial and ulnar arteries Signup and view all the answers

The vessel that collects systemic blood from all structures inferior to the diaphragm is the

Inferior vena cava Signup and view all the answers

All the vessels of the systemic arterial system originate from the

Aorta Signup and view all the answers

A disease characterized by a loss of a single clotting factor is

Hemophilia Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements concerning blood vessels is INCORRECT?

All arteries carry oxygenated blood. Signup and view all the answers

Anemia can result from inadequate

Iron Signup and view all the answers

The precursor multipotent stem cell for hematopoiesis is called a

Hemocytoblast Signup and view all the answers

Problems do NOT develop for Rh-negative mothers during their first pregnancy with an Rh-positive child because

Sensitization has not occurred. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a role of capillaries?

Permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood and Blood Vessels Overview

Arterial baroreceptors are located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch, essential for blood pressure regulation.
Increased blood pressure activates the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and inhibits the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), enhancing heart rate control and reducing sympathetic output.
Vasodilation of arterioles occurs with decreased sympathetic nervous system activity.

Blood Pressure and Cardiac Function

Stimulation of the adrenal medulla leads to increased heart rate and contractility.
A drop in blood pressure results in increased heart contractility as a compensatory mechanism.
Decreased blood pressure at baroreceptors prompts the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, boosting blood pressure and cardiac output.

Capillary Dynamics

Hydrostatic pressure in capillaries is primarily determined by blood pressure.
Net hydrostatic pressure is calculated by subtracting interstitial fluid pressure from capillary pressure.
Colloid osmotic pressure in capillaries is caused by proteins in the blood, drawing fluid into the capillaries.

Blood Components and Functions

Blood is composed of plasma (55% of blood volume) and various formed elements, including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
Blood functions include transporting gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products, and aiding in pH regulation and immune responses.
Blood has an average pH of 7.40, indicating it is slightly alkaline.

Blood Cell Types and Characteristics

RBCs lack a nucleus and are highly flexible, facilitating oxygen transport through blood vessels.
WBC types include neutrophils (most common, phagocytic), eosinophils (combat parasites), basophils (inflammatory response), lymphocytes (adaptive immunity), and monocytes (large phagocytes).
Platelets are membrane-bound fragments vital for the clotting process.

Blood Typing and Antigen-Antibody Interaction

There are four blood types: A, B, AB, and O, classified by the presence of surface antigens A and B, with O lacking these antigens.
Type AB is universal recipient; type O is universal donor due to the absence of A and B antigens.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs due to incompatibility between mother and fetus blood types.

Hemostasis and Clotting Process

Hemostasis involves stopping blood loss, consisting of three phases: vascular, platelet, and coagulation phases.
Blood clotting culminates in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, essential for forming a stable clot.

Cardiovascular System Components

The cardiovascular system comprises blood, blood vessels, and the heart.
The descending aorta divides into thoracic and abdominal aortas at the diaphragm level.
The internal jugular vein drains blood from the brain, while the femoral artery is a continuation of the external iliac artery.

Capillaries and Nutrient Exchange

Capillaries facilitate nutrient and gas exchange between blood and interstitial fluids.
Blood vessels maintain pressure, with arteries containing elastic membranes not found in veins.

Anemia and Hematopoiesis

Anemia is characterized by reduced iron levels in blood, leading to symptoms such as fatigue and pallor.
Hematopoiesis arises from multipotent stem cells called hemocytoblasts, producing various blood cell types as needed.

Immune Response

Antigens trigger immune responses, while antibodies target foreign pathogens.
The immune system recognizes surface antigens as normal, while discrepancies can lead to adverse reactions, such as in blood transfusions.

Key Blood Vessel Functions

Blood vessels originate from the aorta in the systemic arterial system.
The pulmonary circuit transports blood from the right ventricle to the left atrium, facilitating gas exchange in the lungs.
The brachial artery branches into the radial and ulnar arteries, supplying blood to the forearm and hand.

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Test your knowledge with this quiz on Chapter 11 of Anatomy and Physiology. Focused on blood, blood vessels, and the arterial baroreceptor reflex, this interactive quiz will help reinforce your understanding of important concepts. Perfect for reviewing before exams or class discussions.