AP Bio Unit 5 HEREDITY Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are sister chromatids?

Paired chromosomes

Copies of a duplicated chromosome (correct)

Identical chromosomes

Unpaired chromosomes

What is a centromere?

Attachment point of two sister chromatids

Define interphase.

Period of cell cycle when the cell is not physically dividing.

What are growth factors?

Proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide. Signup and view all the answers

What is a cyclin?

Family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle. Signup and view all the answers

What is apoptosis?

Programmed cell death Signup and view all the answers

Define cancer.

When cells begin dividing at an uncontrolled rate. Signup and view all the answers

What is mitosis?

Division of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is meiosis?

Cell division that forms gametes. Signup and view all the answers

Define homologous chromosomes.

Paired chromosomes that carry genes for the same traits. Signup and view all the answers

What does diploid mean?

Complete set of paired chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What does haploid mean?

Set of unpaired chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Define autosomes.

All other chromosomes except sex chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What are sex chromosomes?

Chromosomes that determine gender. Signup and view all the answers

Define gamete.

Reproductive cell containing haploid number of chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a somatic cell?

Body cell containing diploid number of chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is crossing over?

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance?

Genes are carried from parents to offspring on chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Define zygote.

Diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes. Signup and view all the answers

What does true-breeding mean?

Organisms that produce offspring of the same variety. Signup and view all the answers

What is the P generation?

True-breeding parent individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Define F1 generation.

Hybrid offspring arising from a parental cross. Signup and view all the answers

What is the F2 generation?

Offspring of a hybrid cross resulting in a 3:1 ratio. Signup and view all the answers

What is a hybrid?

Organism that is heterozygous. Signup and view all the answers

Define allele.

Different versions of a gene. Signup and view all the answers

What is genotype?

Genetic makeup of an individual. Signup and view all the answers

Define phenotype.

Physical traits of an organism. Signup and view all the answers

What does heterozygous mean?

Having different alleles for a gene. Signup and view all the answers

Define homozygous.

Having identical alleles for a gene. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Law of Segregation?

Two alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

Each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation. Signup and view all the answers

Define testcross.

Crossing an organism with a recessive individual. Signup and view all the answers

What is a monohybrid cross?

A cross between two heterozygous organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Define dihybrid cross.

A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for two traits. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chromosomes and Cell Division

Sister chromatids are duplicate copies of a chromosome, joined at the centromere.
Centromeres serve as the attachment points for sister chromatids.
Interphase consists of growth (G1), DNA replication (S), further growth and preparation for division (G2), and a quiescent state (G0).

Cell Cycle Regulation

Growth factors are proteins that promote cell division; an example is platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF).
Cyclins are proteins that regulate cell cycle progression by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks).

Cell Death and Cancer

Apoptosis is a programmed method of cell death that helps remove damaged cells.
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell division and invasiveness.

Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis is the process of nuclear division resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells, comprising four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Meiosis generates gametes in sexually reproducing organisms, involving two rounds of division and producing four haploid cells.

Chromosome Types and Gametes

Homologous chromosomes are pairs that share the same size and shape, containing genes for the same traits.
Diploid cells (2n) possess a complete set of paired chromosomes, typically found in somatic cells.
Haploid cells (1n) have unpaired chromosomes, present in gametes.

Chromosomal Structures and Genes

Autosomes are all chromosomes excluding sex chromosomes, while sex chromosomes determine gender (XX for females, XY for males).
Gametes are reproductive cells, derived during meiosis, with a haploid number of chromosomes.
Somatic cells are body cells generated through mitosis, containing a diploid number.

Genetic Processes

Crossing over involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, increasing genetic diversity.
The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance states that genes are inherited through chromosomes.

Inheritance Patterns

Zygotes are diploid cells formed from the fusion of haploid gametes during fertilization.
True-breeding organisms consistently produce offspring with the same traits through self-pollination and are homozygous.

Generational Concepts

P generation refers to the true-breeding parent organisms; F1 generation consists of hybrid offspring from the P generation, while F2 generation results in a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 from a hybrid cross.

Genetic Terminology

Hybrids are heterozygous individuals possessing different alleles for a trait.
Alleles are variant forms of a gene, denoted as A or a.
Genotype represents an individual’s genetic composition; phenotype refers to the observable physical traits.
Heterozygous individuals carry different alleles (e.g., Aa), whereas homozygous individuals possess identical alleles (e.g., AA or aa).

Mendelian Laws

The Law of Segregation states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation, leading to distinct gametes.
The Law of Independent Assortment asserts that each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation, allowing for independent inheritance of traits.

Breeding Methods

Testcross involves crossing an organism with a recessive individual to determine genotype.
Monohybrid crosses between heterozygous individuals yield a 3:1 dominant to recessive phenotype ratio.
Dihybrid crosses between heterozygous organisms for two traits yield a 9:3:3:1 phenotype ratio.

Polygenic Inheritance

Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes, contributing to the continuous variation observed in phenotypic expressions.

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Test your knowledge on heredity concepts in AP Biology with these flashcards. Each card covers important terms and definitions related to chromosomes and the cell cycle stages. Perfect for quick review and effective memorization.