AP Bio Final Exam FRQ Review 2023

Questions and Answers

Describe the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in cellular respiration.

It allows the establishment of a proton gradient.

Construct an appropriately labeled graph representing the data in Table 1 (X=species, Y=#of mitochondria).

Which species shows a difference in the number of mitochondria between normal and elevated levels of CO2?

All of them.

Describe the relationship between the level of CO2 and the average number of mitochondria per unit area of a cell.

It is a positive relationship. Signup and view all the answers

What will be the phenotype(s) of the leaves of offspring produced from a cross between a plant with white-striped leaves and a plant with green leaves?

The leaves will be all green/not have white stripes. Signup and view all the answers

Provide reasoning to justify your prediction regarding the leaf phenotype of the offspring.

All offspring will have the same leaf phenotype as the ovule-producing plant because mitochondria are maternally inherited. Signup and view all the answers

Explain why plants with the same genotype can differ in the structure and/or number of certain organelles in response to changes in atmospheric levels of CO2.

Plants have different phenotypes because changes in CO2 levels affect the expression of certain genes. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the effect that the addition of a charged phosphate group can have on a protein.

The addition of a phosphate group could cause the protein to have a conformational shape change, going from an active to an inactive form. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how a signal can be amplified during signal transduction in a pathway such as the PHO signaling pathway.

During a phosphorylation cascade, intermediates that are activated will phosphorylate additional components, amplifying the signal. Signup and view all the answers

Identify a dependent variable in the researchers' experiment based on Table 1.

The activity of the APase enzyme and the amount of mRNA for PHO1. Signup and view all the answers

Justify the researchers' use of a wild-type strain for the creation of mutant strains.

The wild type acts as a negative control to provide a baseline for levels of APase and PHO1 mRNA in environments without treatment. Signup and view all the answers

Justify the researchers' use of mutant strains in which only a single component of the pathway was mutated.

Using a specific mutant allows researchers to isolate each protein's function in the pathway. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the data, identify the yeast strain and growth conditions that lead to the highest relative amount of PHO1 mRNA.

The wild-type yeast strain in a Low-Pi environment. Signup and view all the answers

Calculate the percent change in APase activity in wild-type yeast cells in a High-Pi environment compared with that of wild-type cells in a Low-Pi environment.

There is a decrease of 97.1% between the Low-Pi and High-Pi environments. Signup and view all the answers

Predict the effects of a nonfunctional Pho85 protein on PHO1.

If the Pho85 protein is nonfunctional, it would not be able to complex with Pho80 to activate the Pho4. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Role

Establishes a proton gradient essential for ATP production during cellular respiration.

Graphing Data

X-axis represents species; Y-axis indicates the number of mitochondria.

Mitochondria Count Variance

All species exhibit differences in mitochondrial counts under normal and elevated CO2 levels.

CO2 and Mitochondria Relationship

There is a positive correlation between CO2 levels and average mitochondrial numbers per unit area in cells.

Plant Leaf Phenotypes Prediction

Offspring from crossing white-striped and green-leaved plants are predicted to have all green leaves due to mitochondrial inheritance.

Reasoning for Leaf Color Prediction

Offspring inherit mitochondria from the ovule-producing (green leaf) parent, resulting in uniform leaf phenotype.

Organelle Variation and Environmental Response

Differences in organelle structure and numbers in plants are influenced by CO2 levels affecting gene expression.

Phosphate Addition Effect

A charged phosphate group can induce a conformational change in proteins, potentially transitioning them from an active to an inactive state.

Signal Amplification in Signal Transduction

Activation of intermediates in a phosphorylation cascade amplifies the signal, leading to exponential activation of target proteins.

Identifying Dependent Variables

Dependent variables in the research include APase enzyme activity and mRNA levels of PHO1, which encodes the enzyme.

Justification for Using Wild-Type Strains

Wild-type serves as a negative control, providing baseline data for comparison against variables like Pho81 and Pho4.

Justification for Mutant Strains

Mutant strains allow for isolation and study of specific protein functions within pathways, elucidating individual contributions to overall signaling.

Highest PHO1 mRNA Levels

The wild-type yeast strain in a low-phosphate environment yielded the highest PHO1 mRNA at levels of 10 ± 2.0.

Percent Change in APase Activity

There is a significant decrease of 97.1% in APase activity of wild-type yeast cells in high-phosphate conditions compared to those in a low-phosphate environment.

Mutation Effects on PHO1

A nonfunctional Pho85 protein would impair its ability to activate Pho4 by complexing with Pho80, inhibiting the downstream phosphorylation process.

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Description

Prepare for your AP Biology final exam with this comprehensive review of free-response questions. This quiz covers key concepts including the inner mitochondrial membrane's role in cellular respiration and graphing data related to species and mitochondria. Test your understanding and be ready for exam success.