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Questions and Answers
Identify the salivary glands in the figure.
Identify the salivary glands in the figure.
Check all that are characteristics of the esophagus.
Check all that are characteristics of the esophagus.
- The two layers of muscle in the superior one-third of the muscularis are skeletal (correct)
- The mucosa is composed of thick, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (correct)
- The esophagus has three layers of muscle
- The mucosa contains ciliated epithelium
Label the structures of the stomach in the figure.
Label the structures of the stomach in the figure.
The stomach is lined by a
The stomach is lined by a
Match the secretory cell of the stomach with its secretion.
Match the secretory cell of the stomach with its secretion.
Label the structures and regions of the small intestine.
Label the structures and regions of the small intestine.
Match the region of the small intestine with one of its functions.
Match the region of the small intestine with one of its functions.
Match the structure of the small intestine with its function.
Match the structure of the small intestine with its function.
Label the regions of the large intestine in the figure.
Label the regions of the large intestine in the figure.
Match the segment of the colon with its description.
Match the segment of the colon with its description.
Check all that line the mucosa of the large intestine.
Check all that line the mucosa of the large intestine.
As material moves through the large intestine, in what order does it pass through these structures?
As material moves through the large intestine, in what order does it pass through these structures?
Label the structures of the liver.
Label the structures of the liver.
As bile is produced and secreted, what structures or cells does it encounter? Put them in order, beginning with bile production.
As bile is produced and secreted, what structures or cells does it encounter? Put them in order, beginning with bile production.
What is the function of bile?
What is the function of bile?
Label the gross and microscopic anatomical structures of the pancreas.
Label the gross and microscopic anatomical structures of the pancreas.
Trace the path of bile through the biliary apparatus, beginning at the liver, moving to the gallbladder, and ending at the small intestine.
Trace the path of bile through the biliary apparatus, beginning at the liver, moving to the gallbladder, and ending at the small intestine.
Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order. Not all terms will be used.
Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order. Not all terms will be used.
Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order.
Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order.
Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify whether the structure is associated with the large or small intestine.
Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify whether the structure is associated with the large or small intestine.
Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify which type of macromolecule is the target of each digestive enzyme or compound.
Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify which type of macromolecule is the target of each digestive enzyme or compound.
Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position.
Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position.
Which of these are accessory organs of the GI tract?
Which of these are accessory organs of the GI tract?
Select all that are major functions of the muscularis layer of the GI tract.
Select all that are major functions of the muscularis layer of the GI tract.
What are the primary hormones that participate in the regulation of the processes of digestion?
What are the primary hormones that participate in the regulation of the processes of digestion?
Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are hormones that are secreted from what GI organ?
Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are hormones that are secreted from what GI organ?
Normal bacterial flora in the large intestine are responsible for the production of vitamins B and
Normal bacterial flora in the large intestine are responsible for the production of vitamins B and
Digestion begins in the
Digestion begins in the
Bile from the liver and digestive juices from the pancreas enter which section of the small intestine?
Bile from the liver and digestive juices from the pancreas enter which section of the small intestine?
Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?
Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?
Which of the following is not secreted by the stomach to aid in digestion?
Which of the following is not secreted by the stomach to aid in digestion?
During digestion, the major site of nutrient absorption is the
During digestion, the major site of nutrient absorption is the
Which of the following might stimulate the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?
Which of the following might stimulate the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?
Gastric secretion is increased in all three phases (cephalic, gastric, intestinal).
Gastric secretion is increased in all three phases (cephalic, gastric, intestinal).
Gastric secretion during the intestinal phase is inhibited by the presence of
Gastric secretion during the intestinal phase is inhibited by the presence of
Which phase(s) of gastric secretion is (are) regulated by the medulla oblongata?
Which phase(s) of gastric secretion is (are) regulated by the medulla oblongata?
What are the three phases of gastric secretion?
What are the three phases of gastric secretion?
A portal triad consists of which three structures?
A portal triad consists of which three structures?
Structurally, the human liver is divided into how many lobes?
Structurally, the human liver is divided into how many lobes?
The liver lobule is the same as a hepatocyte.
The liver lobule is the same as a hepatocyte.
Basic functions of the liver include
Basic functions of the liver include
Which two fetal remnants are found on the liver?
Which two fetal remnants are found on the liver?
From external to internal, what is the correct order of layers of the stomach?
From external to internal, what is the correct order of layers of the stomach?
The stomach is located in which abdominal quadrant?
The stomach is located in which abdominal quadrant?
Functions of the stomach include
Functions of the stomach include
Which region of the stomach is continuous with the esophagus?
Which region of the stomach is continuous with the esophagus?
Which cell of the gastric glands produces pepsinogen?
Which cell of the gastric glands produces pepsinogen?
The process of moving a bolus through the GI tract as a result of involuntary muscle contractions is referred to as
The process of moving a bolus through the GI tract as a result of involuntary muscle contractions is referred to as
Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the
Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the
Most nutrient absorption occurs in the
Most nutrient absorption occurs in the
What organ produces bile?
What organ produces bile?
Which of the following is the correct order for the major parts of the gastrointestinal tract?
Which of the following is the correct order for the major parts of the gastrointestinal tract?
Which of the following does not stimulate the secretion of HCl in the stomach?
Which of the following does not stimulate the secretion of HCl in the stomach?
Secretin is released from the duodenum in response to
Secretin is released from the duodenum in response to
Which of the following enzymes is produced by the stomach?
Which of the following enzymes is produced by the stomach?
When chyme enters the duodenum, gastric secretion increases.
When chyme enters the duodenum, gastric secretion increases.
Gastrin functions to increase the production of HCl in the stomach.
Gastrin functions to increase the production of HCl in the stomach.
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Study Notes
Salivary Glands & Esophagus
- Salivary glands include parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, responsible for saliva secretion.
- Esophageal mucosa consists of thick, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, protecting against abrasion.
- The muscularis layer in the upper one-third of the esophagus contains skeletal muscle for voluntary control.
Stomach Structure & Function
- The stomach is lined by simple columnar epithelium, aiding in barrier function and secretion.
- Key secretory cells include:
- Surface mucous cells: Produce mucin for protection.
- Mucous neck cells: Secrete acidic mucin.
- Parietal cells: Produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.
- Chief cells: Secrete pepsinogen, which becomes pepsin for protein digestion.
- Enteroendocrine cells: Release gastrin, regulating gastric secretions.
Small Intestine
- The small intestine has three regions:
- Duodenum: Receives bile and pancreatic juice.
- Jejunum: Primary site for chemical digestion and absorption.
- Ileum: Controls the entry of material into the large intestine.
- Structures include intestinal glands containing enteroendocrine cells and circular folds that slow material passage to enhance absorption.
Large Intestine
- The large intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelium, goblet cells for mucus secretion, and intestinal glands.
- Major parts include the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal.
- The order of material movement includes the cecum leading to the rectum.
Liver & Bile Production
- The liver produces bile, essential for fat digestion, and processes it via hepatocytes into bile canaliculi, then into the bile ducts.
- The hepatic triad includes a branch of the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and bile ductule; crucial for liver metabolism and bile processing.
- Hepatic portal vein supplies nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor blood to the liver.
Digestive Hormones & Functions
- Major hormones regulate digestion: gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and secretin.
- Secretin is released in response to acidic chyme in the duodenum and stimulates the pancreas to produce bicarbonate.
- Gastrin increases HCl production in the stomach during all phases of digestion.
Digestive Processes
- Digestion starts in the mouth with mechanical breakdown, followed by pepsin action in the stomach, and continues in the small intestine with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase.
- Most nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine, aided by the brush border enzymes.
- Peristalsis is the involuntary muscle contraction that moves food through the GI tract.
Stomach Anatomy & Function
- The stomach's major regions include the cardiac region (continuous with the esophagus) and performs chemical and mechanical digestion.
- The liver has four lobes with both metabolic and storage functions; also, it detoxifies harmful substances.
Miscellaneous
- The normal bacterial flora of the large intestine are responsible for synthesizing vitamins, particularly B vitamins and vitamin K.
- Glycogen production is crucial in the liver, while bile salts are essential for lipid digestion.
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