A&P 2 Unit 4 Chapter 26 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Identify the salivary glands in the figure.

Check all that are characteristics of the esophagus.

  • The two layers of muscle in the superior one-third of the muscularis are skeletal (correct)
  • The mucosa is composed of thick, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (correct)
  • The esophagus has three layers of muscle
  • The mucosa contains ciliated epithelium

    • Label the structures of the stomach in the figure.

    The stomach is lined by a

    <p>simple columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the secretory cell of the stomach with its secretion.

    <p>Surface mucous cell = Mucin Mucous neck cell = Acidic mucin Parietal cell = Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor Chief cell = Pepsinogen Enteroendocrine cell = Gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Label the structures and regions of the small intestine.

    Signup and view all the answers

    Match the region of the small intestine with one of its functions.

    <p>Jejunum = Performs most chemical digestion and absorption Duodenum = Receives bile and pancreatic juice Ileum = Controls entry of material into the large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the structure of the small intestine with its function.

    <p>Intestinal glands = Contain enteroendocrine cells Circular folds = Slow passage of material Enteroendocrine cells = Secrete digestive hormones Submucosal glands = Secrete alkaline mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Label the regions of the large intestine in the figure.

    Signup and view all the answers

    Match the segment of the colon with its description.

    <p>Transverse colon = Originates at the right colic flexure; is intraperitoneal Sigmoid colon = Terminates at the rectum; is intraperitoneal Descending colon = Originates at the left colic flexure; is retroperitoneal Ascending colon = Originates at the ileocecal valve; is retroperitoneal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Check all that line the mucosa of the large intestine.

    <p>Intestinal glands (A), Goblet cells (B), Simple columnar epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As material moves through the large intestine, in what order does it pass through these structures?

    <p>Cecum, Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Left colic flexure, Descending colon, Sigmoid flexure, Rectum, Anal canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Label the structures of the liver.

    Signup and view all the answers

    As bile is produced and secreted, what structures or cells does it encounter? Put them in order, beginning with bile production.

    <p>Hepatocyte, Bile canaliculus, Common hepatic duct, Cystic duct, Gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bile?

    <p>Break down fats to assist in their chemical digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Label the gross and microscopic anatomical structures of the pancreas.

    Signup and view all the answers

    Trace the path of bile through the biliary apparatus, beginning at the liver, moving to the gallbladder, and ending at the small intestine.

    <p>Left and right hepatic ducts, Common hepatic duct, Gallbladder, Common bile duct, Hepatopancreatic ampulla, Major duodenal papilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order. Not all terms will be used.

    <p>In the gastric gland, the Chief cells secrete pepsinogen. Also in the gastric gland, the parietal cells will secrete HCl. HCl will remove some amino acids from pepsinogen and turn it into pepsin. Pepsin enzymes can then digest dietary proteins in the lumen of the stomach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order.

    <p>The act of protein digestion begins in the mouth with mechanical digestion. Once in the stomach, pepsin hydrolyzes peptide bonds. Then, in the small intestine, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase will continue the breakdown and begin absorption. The brush border in the intestines will finish the breakdown and begin absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify whether the structure is associated with the large or small intestine.

    <p>Taenia coli = Large Intestine Haustrum = Large Intestine Rectal valves = Large Intestine Cecum = Large Intestine Sigmoid colon = Large Intestine Microvilli = Small Intestine Intestinal crypts = Small Intestine Lacteals = Small Intestine Circular folds = Small Intestine Jejunum = Small Intestine Ileum = Small Intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify which type of macromolecule is the target of each digestive enzyme or compound.

    <p>Salivary amylase = Carbohydrate Pancreatic amylase = Carbohydrate Pepsin = Protein HCl = Protein Trypsin = Protein Chymotrypsin = Protein Lingual lipase = Lipid Pancreatic lipase = Lipid Gastric lipase = Lipid Bile salts = Lipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position.

    <p>Three main vessels make up the Hepatic Triad including the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile ductules. The hepatic portal vein delivers nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor blood to the liver cells. The hepatic artery is responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the hepatocytes and thus providing for the large metabolic demand for this tissue. The hepatic ductules collect bile produced in the hepatic lobules and deliver it to the hepatic ducts on their way to the gallbladder for storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are accessory organs of the GI tract?

    <p>Gallbladder (B), Pancreas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select all that are major functions of the muscularis layer of the GI tract.

    <p>Peristalsis (B), Mixing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary hormones that participate in the regulation of the processes of digestion?

    <p>Cholecystokinin (A), Secretin (B), Gastrin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are hormones that are secreted from what GI organ?

    <p>small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Normal bacterial flora in the large intestine are responsible for the production of vitamins B and

    <p>vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Digestion begins in the

    <p>mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile from the liver and digestive juices from the pancreas enter which section of the small intestine?

    <p>duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?

    <p>Production of ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not secreted by the stomach to aid in digestion?

    <p>Bile (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During digestion, the major site of nutrient absorption is the

    <p>small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following might stimulate the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?

    <p>The thought of food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastric secretion is increased in all three phases (cephalic, gastric, intestinal).

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastric secretion during the intestinal phase is inhibited by the presence of

    <p>lipids or low pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase(s) of gastric secretion is (are) regulated by the medulla oblongata?

    <p>All three phases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three phases of gastric secretion?

    <p>Cephalic, gastric, and intestinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A portal triad consists of which three structures?

    <p>Branches of a hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and bile ductule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Structurally, the human liver is divided into how many lobes?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The liver lobule is the same as a hepatocyte.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basic functions of the liver include

    <p>secretion, storage, and detoxification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two fetal remnants are found on the liver?

    <p>The round ligament and the ligamentum venosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From external to internal, what is the correct order of layers of the stomach?

    <p>serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stomach is located in which abdominal quadrant?

    <p>Left upper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functions of the stomach include

    <p>chemical and mechanical digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the stomach is continuous with the esophagus?

    <p>Cardiac region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell of the gastric glands produces pepsinogen?

    <p>Chief cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of moving a bolus through the GI tract as a result of involuntary muscle contractions is referred to as

    <p>peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the

    <p>stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most nutrient absorption occurs in the

    <p>small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organ produces bile?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order for the major parts of the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does not stimulate the secretion of HCl in the stomach?

    <p>Secretin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secretin is released from the duodenum in response to

    <p>hydrochloric acid in chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is produced by the stomach?

    <p>Pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When chyme enters the duodenum, gastric secretion increases.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastrin functions to increase the production of HCl in the stomach.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Salivary Glands & Esophagus

    • Salivary glands include parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, responsible for saliva secretion.
    • Esophageal mucosa consists of thick, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, protecting against abrasion.
    • The muscularis layer in the upper one-third of the esophagus contains skeletal muscle for voluntary control.

    Stomach Structure & Function

    • The stomach is lined by simple columnar epithelium, aiding in barrier function and secretion.
    • Key secretory cells include:
      • Surface mucous cells: Produce mucin for protection.
      • Mucous neck cells: Secrete acidic mucin.
      • Parietal cells: Produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.
      • Chief cells: Secrete pepsinogen, which becomes pepsin for protein digestion.
      • Enteroendocrine cells: Release gastrin, regulating gastric secretions.

    Small Intestine

    • The small intestine has three regions:
      • Duodenum: Receives bile and pancreatic juice.
      • Jejunum: Primary site for chemical digestion and absorption.
      • Ileum: Controls the entry of material into the large intestine.
    • Structures include intestinal glands containing enteroendocrine cells and circular folds that slow material passage to enhance absorption.

    Large Intestine

    • The large intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelium, goblet cells for mucus secretion, and intestinal glands.
    • Major parts include the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal.
    • The order of material movement includes the cecum leading to the rectum.

    Liver & Bile Production

    • The liver produces bile, essential for fat digestion, and processes it via hepatocytes into bile canaliculi, then into the bile ducts.
    • The hepatic triad includes a branch of the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and bile ductule; crucial for liver metabolism and bile processing.
    • Hepatic portal vein supplies nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor blood to the liver.

    Digestive Hormones & Functions

    • Major hormones regulate digestion: gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and secretin.
    • Secretin is released in response to acidic chyme in the duodenum and stimulates the pancreas to produce bicarbonate.
    • Gastrin increases HCl production in the stomach during all phases of digestion.

    Digestive Processes

    • Digestion starts in the mouth with mechanical breakdown, followed by pepsin action in the stomach, and continues in the small intestine with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase.
    • Most nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine, aided by the brush border enzymes.
    • Peristalsis is the involuntary muscle contraction that moves food through the GI tract.

    Stomach Anatomy & Function

    • The stomach's major regions include the cardiac region (continuous with the esophagus) and performs chemical and mechanical digestion.
    • The liver has four lobes with both metabolic and storage functions; also, it detoxifies harmful substances.

    Miscellaneous

    • The normal bacterial flora of the large intestine are responsible for synthesizing vitamins, particularly B vitamins and vitamin K.
    • Glycogen production is crucial in the liver, while bile salts are essential for lipid digestion.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the anatomy and physiology of the digestive system with this A&P 2 flashcard quiz. Identify key structures including salivary glands and various elements of the esophagus and stomach. Perfect for anyone studying advanced human anatomy.

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