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Questions and Answers
Which of the following events occurs as hemoglobin saturation decreases?
Which of the following events occurs as hemoglobin saturation decreases?
- More oxygen is released from hemoglobin. (correct)
- Hemoglobin undergoes denaturation.
- Hemoglobin binds more carbon dioxide.
- Less oxygen is released from hemoglobin.
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form __________.
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form __________.
carbonic acid
Restrictive lung diseases typically include?
Restrictive lung diseases typically include?
decreased pulmonary compliance
What are peripheral chemoreceptors most sensitive to?
What are peripheral chemoreceptors most sensitive to?
A patient presents with bronchoconstriction, inflamed airways, and excessive mucus production triggered by aspirin. This patient most likely suffers from __________.
A patient presents with bronchoconstriction, inflamed airways, and excessive mucus production triggered by aspirin. This patient most likely suffers from __________.
A decrease in which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen unloaded by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?
A decrease in which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen unloaded by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?
Which of the following diseases is not a subtype of COPD?
Which of the following diseases is not a subtype of COPD?
How is most oxygen transported in the blood?
How is most oxygen transported in the blood?
Which of the following changes accompanies emphysema?
Which of the following changes accompanies emphysema?
Which of the following factors will increase the affinity of Hb for oxygen?
Which of the following factors will increase the affinity of Hb for oxygen?
A fully saturated hemoglobin molecule transports __________.
A fully saturated hemoglobin molecule transports __________.
What is the primary source of carbonic acid in the blood?
What is the primary source of carbonic acid in the blood?
Which of the following conditions is not associated with a blood pH below 7.35?
Which of the following conditions is not associated with a blood pH below 7.35?
Which of the following factors can trigger hyperventilation?
Which of the following factors can trigger hyperventilation?
The majority of carbon dioxide is transported __________.
The majority of carbon dioxide is transported __________.
Respiratory acidosis results from __________.
Respiratory acidosis results from __________.
The affinity of hemoglobin (Hb) for oxygen increases with __________.
The affinity of hemoglobin (Hb) for oxygen increases with __________.
When considering the central chemoreceptors, the most important stimulus that induces changes in ventilation is __________.
When considering the central chemoreceptors, the most important stimulus that induces changes in ventilation is __________.
Why is carbon monoxide so toxic?
Why is carbon monoxide so toxic?
Which of the following methods does not transport carbon dioxide in the blood?
Which of the following methods does not transport carbon dioxide in the blood?
Which phenomenon counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from RBCs?
Which phenomenon counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from RBCs?
What is the most prevalent risk factor for lung cancer?
What is the most prevalent risk factor for lung cancer?
Increased blood pH caused by low levels of carbon dioxide results in __________.
Increased blood pH caused by low levels of carbon dioxide results in __________.
Eupnea is largely controlled by which of the following structures?
Eupnea is largely controlled by which of the following structures?
Where are the central chemoreceptors located?
Where are the central chemoreceptors located?
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Study Notes
Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport
- Decreased saturation of hemoglobin results in increased oxygen release to tissues.
- Most oxygen in blood is transported bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin.
- A fully saturated hemoglobin molecule can carry four oxygen molecules.
- The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increases with decreased metabolic rate and higher carbon monoxide levels.
Carbon Dioxide and Acid-Base Balance
- Carbon dioxide and water combine to form carbonic acid, with primary source being Pco2 in blood.
- Majority of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ion.
- Respiratory acidosis is caused by hypoventilation and is associated with pH below 7.35.
Lung Diseases and Conditions
- Restrictive lung diseases are characterized by decreased pulmonary compliance.
- Conditions like asthma present with bronchoconstriction, inflamed airways, and excessive mucus due to triggers like aspirin.
- Emphysema is marked by alveolar collapse, leading to a loss of surface area.
- Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is not classified as a subtype of COPD.
Chemoreceptors and Ventilation
- Peripheral chemoreceptors are most sensitive to the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.
- Central chemoreceptors primarily respond to changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.
- Triggers for hyperventilation can include high partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.
Miscellaneous
- Smoking cigarettes is the most prevalent risk factor for lung cancer.
- Increased blood pH due to low carbon dioxide levels results in respiratory alkalosis.
- The respiratory pattern generator (RPG) mainly controls eupnea.
- The chloride shift counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from red blood cells.
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