A&P 2 Final Study Guide Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following events occurs as hemoglobin saturation decreases?

More oxygen is released from hemoglobin. (correct)

Hemoglobin undergoes denaturation.

Hemoglobin binds more carbon dioxide.

Less oxygen is released from hemoglobin.

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form __________.

carbonic acid

Restrictive lung diseases typically include?

decreased pulmonary compliance

What are peripheral chemoreceptors most sensitive to?

Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with bronchoconstriction, inflamed airways, and excessive mucus production triggered by aspirin. This patient most likely suffers from __________.

Asthma Signup and view all the answers

A decrease in which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen unloaded by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?

pH Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is not a subtype of COPD?

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

How is most oxygen transported in the blood?

Bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following changes accompanies emphysema?

Alveoli collapse and surface area is lost Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors will increase the affinity of Hb for oxygen?

High CO Signup and view all the answers

A fully saturated hemoglobin molecule transports __________.

four molecules of oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of carbonic acid in the blood?

Pco2 of the blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is not associated with a blood pH below 7.35?

Respiratory acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can trigger hyperventilation?

High partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood Signup and view all the answers

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported __________.

as the bicarbonate ion Signup and view all the answers

Respiratory acidosis results from __________.

hypoventilation Signup and view all the answers

The affinity of hemoglobin (Hb) for oxygen increases with __________.

decreased metabolic rate Signup and view all the answers

When considering the central chemoreceptors, the most important stimulus that induces changes in ventilation is __________.

partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood Signup and view all the answers

Why is carbon monoxide so toxic?

It causes a change in Hb's shape that increases its affinity for oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods does not transport carbon dioxide in the blood?

True Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from RBCs?

The chloride shift Signup and view all the answers

What is the most prevalent risk factor for lung cancer?

Smoking cigarettes Signup and view all the answers

Increased blood pH caused by low levels of carbon dioxide results in __________.

respiratory alkalosis Signup and view all the answers

Eupnea is largely controlled by which of the following structures?

Respiratory pattern generator (RPG) Signup and view all the answers

Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

Medullary reticular formation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport

Decreased saturation of hemoglobin results in increased oxygen release to tissues.
Most oxygen in blood is transported bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin.
A fully saturated hemoglobin molecule can carry four oxygen molecules.
The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increases with decreased metabolic rate and higher carbon monoxide levels.

Carbon Dioxide and Acid-Base Balance

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form carbonic acid, with primary source being Pco2 in blood.
Majority of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ion.
Respiratory acidosis is caused by hypoventilation and is associated with pH below 7.35.

Lung Diseases and Conditions

Restrictive lung diseases are characterized by decreased pulmonary compliance.
Conditions like asthma present with bronchoconstriction, inflamed airways, and excessive mucus due to triggers like aspirin.
Emphysema is marked by alveolar collapse, leading to a loss of surface area.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is not classified as a subtype of COPD.

Chemoreceptors and Ventilation

Peripheral chemoreceptors are most sensitive to the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.
Central chemoreceptors primarily respond to changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.
Triggers for hyperventilation can include high partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.

Miscellaneous

Smoking cigarettes is the most prevalent risk factor for lung cancer.
Increased blood pH due to low carbon dioxide levels results in respiratory alkalosis.
The respiratory pattern generator (RPG) mainly controls eupnea.
The chloride shift counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from red blood cells.

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Description

Prepare for your A&P 2 final with these flashcards, covering key concepts including hemoglobin saturation, carbonic acid formation, and restrictive lung diseases. Test your knowledge on vital components of human physiology and ensure you’re ready for your exam.