Questions and Answers
What is the role of activated protein kinases?
The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______.
cAMP in the cytoplasm
Which of the following can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activate specific genes?
Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland structure with the class of hormones it produces?
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The various hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary that regulate the secretion of hormones from other endocrine organs are called __________.
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Which of the following hormones has significantly different effects when it is released in males instead of females?
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Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.
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How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?
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Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.
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Both 'turn on' factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and 'turn off' factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.
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Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?
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Study Notes
Protein Kinases
- Activated protein kinases primarily phosphorylate proteins, modifying their activity and function within the cell.
Hormone Signal Amplification
- Amplification of water-soluble hormone signals occurs through an increase in cAMP levels within the cytoplasm, enhancing cellular response.
Intracellular Hormone Actions
- Hormones like testosterone can penetrate the cell membrane and act on intracellular receptors, directly activating specific genes.
Adrenal Gland Hormones
- In the adrenal gland, the zona glomerulosa is associated with the production of mineralocorticoids, which regulate salt and water balance.
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
- Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary that influence other endocrine organs are known as tropins.
Hormonal Effects by Sex
- The effects of follicle-stimulating hormone vary significantly between males and females, highlighting its role in reproductive function.
Water-Soluble Hormone Mechanism
- Water-soluble hormones exert effects on target cells by binding to plasma membrane receptors, triggering downstream signaling pathways.
Hormone Transport
- Endocrine hormones are transported to their target cells via the bloodstream, facilitating widespread physiological effects.
Cyclic AMP Degradation
- The degradation of cyclic AMP is carried out by the enzyme phosphodiesterase, which modulates hormone signaling strength.
Nervous System Modulation
- Both "turn on" and "turn off" factors affecting hormone activity can be influenced by the nervous system, demonstrating the interconnectedness of these systems.
Appetite Regulation
- Leptin is a hormone that plays a crucial role in suppressing appetite and promoting energy expenditure, thus influencing body weight.
Thyroxine Production Steps
- Key steps in the production of thyroxine (T4) include:
- Binding of iodine to tyrosines within the colloid.
- Production of thyroglobulin by follicular cells.
- Linking of two diiodotyrosine (DIT) molecules, which is crucial for T4 synthesis.
- The transport of iodide from blood plasma into follicular cells is essential but vital for T4 production.
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards focused on Chapter 16 of Anatomy & Physiology 2. Key topics include the roles of activated protein kinases and hormone signaling mechanisms. Perfect for students preparing for exams or wanting to reinforce their understanding of these concepts.
