Anxiety Symptoms

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Questions and Answers

Where is the increased blood flow observed in generalized anxiety disorder and panic states?

Left frontal lobe

Right parahippocampus in the frontal lobe (correct)

Temporal lobe

Cerebellum

What is the location of the parahippocampus in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder and panic states?

Temporal lobe

Frontal lobe (correct)

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

What neuroimaging technique is used to observe brain activity in anxiety disorders?

fMRI

PET (correct)

CT scan

EEG

In which anxiety disorder is increased blood flow in the right parahippocampus observed?

Generalized anxiety disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of the increased blood flow in the parahippocampus in anxiety disorders?

Increased Signup and view all the answers

In which brain region is the parahippocampus located?

Temporal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of PET scans in anxiety research?

To observe brain activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the 12-month prevalence of GAD in England according to the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey?

4.4% Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of GAD in European countries according to the surveys?

2% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries has a similar prevalence of GAD to England?

US Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in prevalence of GAD between England and European countries?

2.4% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a demographic characteristic of GAD?

Prevalence in England Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) according to most clinical studies?

A chronic condition with low rates of remission over the short and medium term Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern for individuals with GAD?

Coping with chronic anxiety symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of GAD being a chronic condition?

It requires ongoing treatment and management Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of GAD's low rates of remission?

It indicates that the condition is complex and challenging to treat Signup and view all the answers

What does the chronic nature of GAD suggest about the prospects of recovery?

Full recovery is unlikely, and ongoing management is necessary Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in rates of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) between women and men?

Rates are about twice as high in women as in men Signup and view all the answers

What is a social disadvantage associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Lower household income Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of symptoms required for a diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) according to the DSM-5?

6 months Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Physical Symptoms of Panic Attacks

Pale skin and excessive sweating, particularly from hands, feet, and axillae
Close to tears, reflecting an apprehensive state

Characteristics of Panic Attacks

Anxiety builds up quickly
Symptoms are severe
Fear of a catastrophic outcome

Symptoms Caused by Hyperventilation

Dizziness
Tinnitus
Headache
Feeling of weakness
Faintness
Numbness
Tingling in the hands, feet, and face
Carpopedal spasms
Precordial discomfort
Feeling of breathlessness

Epidemiology of Panic Disorder

12-month prevalence rate of 2.7% and a lifetime risk of 4.7% in the general population (DSM-IV panic disorder)
50% of cases include panic disorder with agoraphobia
Women are twice as likely to be affected as men

Developmental Background of Anxiety

Related to childhood fears of disintegration
Derived from fear of actual or imagined loss of a love object or fear of bodily harm (e.g., castration)

Neuroimaging Findings

Increased blood flow in the right parahippocampus in the frontal lobe (PET scan) in generalized anxiety disorder and panic states

Epidemiology of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

The 12-month prevalence of GAD in England is 4.4%, similar to US surveys.
European countries report a lower prevalence of around 2%.
Women are more likely to experience GAD, with rates about twice as high as those in men.

Associated Risk Factors

GAD is linked to social disadvantage, including lower household income and unemployment.
Divorce and separation are also associated with GAD.

Prognosis of GAD

According to the DSM-5, GAD symptoms must have been present for at least 6 months.
GAD is typically a chronic condition, with low rates of remission over the short and medium term.
Most clinical studies suggest that GAD is a persistent condition.

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Description

Recognize the physical signs of anxiety, such as pale skin and excessive sweating, and distinguish it from depression.