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Questions and Answers
Where is the increased blood flow observed in generalized anxiety disorder and panic states?
Where is the increased blood flow observed in generalized anxiety disorder and panic states?
What is the location of the parahippocampus in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder and panic states?
What is the location of the parahippocampus in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder and panic states?
What neuroimaging technique is used to observe brain activity in anxiety disorders?
What neuroimaging technique is used to observe brain activity in anxiety disorders?
In which anxiety disorder is increased blood flow in the right parahippocampus observed?
In which anxiety disorder is increased blood flow in the right parahippocampus observed?
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What is the direction of the increased blood flow in the parahippocampus in anxiety disorders?
What is the direction of the increased blood flow in the parahippocampus in anxiety disorders?
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In which brain region is the parahippocampus located?
In which brain region is the parahippocampus located?
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What is the purpose of PET scans in anxiety research?
What is the purpose of PET scans in anxiety research?
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What is the 12-month prevalence of GAD in England according to the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey?
What is the 12-month prevalence of GAD in England according to the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey?
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What is the prevalence of GAD in European countries according to the surveys?
What is the prevalence of GAD in European countries according to the surveys?
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Which of the following countries has a similar prevalence of GAD to England?
Which of the following countries has a similar prevalence of GAD to England?
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What is the difference in prevalence of GAD between England and European countries?
What is the difference in prevalence of GAD between England and European countries?
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Which of the following is a demographic characteristic of GAD?
Which of the following is a demographic characteristic of GAD?
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What is the characteristic of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) according to most clinical studies?
What is the characteristic of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) according to most clinical studies?
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What is the primary concern for individuals with GAD?
What is the primary concern for individuals with GAD?
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What is the implication of GAD being a chronic condition?
What is the implication of GAD being a chronic condition?
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What is the significance of GAD's low rates of remission?
What is the significance of GAD's low rates of remission?
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What does the chronic nature of GAD suggest about the prospects of recovery?
What does the chronic nature of GAD suggest about the prospects of recovery?
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What is the difference in rates of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) between women and men?
What is the difference in rates of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) between women and men?
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What is a social disadvantage associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
What is a social disadvantage associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
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What is the duration of symptoms required for a diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) according to the DSM-5?
What is the duration of symptoms required for a diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) according to the DSM-5?
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Study Notes
Physical Symptoms of Panic Attacks
- Pale skin and excessive sweating, particularly from hands, feet, and axillae
- Close to tears, reflecting an apprehensive state
Characteristics of Panic Attacks
- Anxiety builds up quickly
- Symptoms are severe
- Fear of a catastrophic outcome
Symptoms Caused by Hyperventilation
- Dizziness
- Tinnitus
- Headache
- Feeling of weakness
- Faintness
- Numbness
- Tingling in the hands, feet, and face
- Carpopedal spasms
- Precordial discomfort
- Feeling of breathlessness
Epidemiology of Panic Disorder
- 12-month prevalence rate of 2.7% and a lifetime risk of 4.7% in the general population (DSM-IV panic disorder)
- 50% of cases include panic disorder with agoraphobia
- Women are twice as likely to be affected as men
Developmental Background of Anxiety
- Related to childhood fears of disintegration
- Derived from fear of actual or imagined loss of a love object or fear of bodily harm (e.g., castration)
Neuroimaging Findings
- Increased blood flow in the right parahippocampus in the frontal lobe (PET scan) in generalized anxiety disorder and panic states
Epidemiology of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- The 12-month prevalence of GAD in England is 4.4%, similar to US surveys.
- European countries report a lower prevalence of around 2%.
- Women are more likely to experience GAD, with rates about twice as high as those in men.
Associated Risk Factors
- GAD is linked to social disadvantage, including lower household income and unemployment.
- Divorce and separation are also associated with GAD.
Prognosis of GAD
- According to the DSM-5, GAD symptoms must have been present for at least 6 months.
- GAD is typically a chronic condition, with low rates of remission over the short and medium term.
- Most clinical studies suggest that GAD is a persistent condition.
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Description
Recognize the physical signs of anxiety, such as pale skin and excessive sweating, and distinguish it from depression.
