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Questions and Answers
What is the primary action of barbiturates at GABA receptor sites?
What is the primary action of barbiturates at GABA receptor sites?
What effect do barbiturates have on neuronal activity through the antagonism of glutamate?
What effect do barbiturates have on neuronal activity through the antagonism of glutamate?
What is the estimated current prevalence of anxiety disorders globally?
What is the estimated current prevalence of anxiety disorders globally?
Which anxiety disorder has the highest estimated lifetime prevalence in the United States?
Which anxiety disorder has the highest estimated lifetime prevalence in the United States?
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What does genetic predisposition imply about some individuals concerning anxiety disorders?
What does genetic predisposition imply about some individuals concerning anxiety disorders?
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What percentage represents the 12-month prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in the United States?
What percentage represents the 12-month prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in the United States?
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Which of the following autonomic nervous system responses is associated with panic?
Which of the following autonomic nervous system responses is associated with panic?
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What might serve as a signal of danger in the unconscious related to anxiety?
What might serve as a signal of danger in the unconscious related to anxiety?
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What type of anxiety is associated with the 'chicken-and-egg' problem in the brain circuit hypothesis?
What type of anxiety is associated with the 'chicken-and-egg' problem in the brain circuit hypothesis?
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Which neurotransmitter is indicated as playing a role in relieving anxiety?
Which neurotransmitter is indicated as playing a role in relieving anxiety?
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What is stimulated in the brain to produce an 'alarm and escape' response?
What is stimulated in the brain to produce an 'alarm and escape' response?
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What is the primary function of GABA in the brain?
What is the primary function of GABA in the brain?
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What physiological processes are associated with the brain stem?
What physiological processes are associated with the brain stem?
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What type of response is produced by stimulating the fight-or-flight circuit?
What type of response is produced by stimulating the fight-or-flight circuit?
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What do the neurotransmitters and hormones released during the panic response prepare the body for?
What do the neurotransmitters and hormones released during the panic response prepare the body for?
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What undesirable quality of barbiturates set a baseline for developing new anxiolytic drugs?
What undesirable quality of barbiturates set a baseline for developing new anxiolytic drugs?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding barbiturates?
Which of the following statements is true regarding barbiturates?
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What does hyperpolarization refer to in the context of neuron activity?
What does hyperpolarization refer to in the context of neuron activity?
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What is an effect of barbiturates on neuron excitability?
What is an effect of barbiturates on neuron excitability?
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Which of the following is not a consequence of barbiturate use?
Which of the following is not a consequence of barbiturate use?
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Study Notes
Anxiety Disorders
- Anxiety disorders are common worldwide, affecting approximately 28% of the global population.
- In the United States, the lifetime prevalence of specific phobias is 18.4%, social anxiety disorder is 13%, PTSD is 10.1%, generalized anxiety disorder is 9%, separation anxiety disorder is 8.7%, and panic disorder is 6.8%.
- Freud viewed anxiety as a result of conflict between unconscious sexual or aggressive wishes and the corresponding punishment from the superego.
- Anxiety is thought to be a signal of danger in the unconscious, leading to either inhibition or dangerous behavior.
Neurobiology of Anxiety
- The amygdala plays a crucial role in anxiety.
- The amygdala, a brain structure associated with fear and threat processing, is hyperactive in individuals with anxiety disorders.
GABA and Anxiety
- GABA, a neurotransmitter that typically functions to calm the organism, has been implicated in anxiety relief.
- Facilitation of GABA binding reduces anxiety.
Barbiturates and Anxiety
- Barbiturates are not commonly used to treat anxiety due to their undesirable qualities, including lethal overdoses, tolerance, dependence, and dangerous interactions with other drugs.
- While barbiturates are not specifically anxiolytic, their sedative effects can reduce anxiety.
Mechanisms of Action of Barbiturates
- Barbiturates are thought to decrease neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system.
- They hyperpolarize neurons, making them less likely to fire.
- Barbiturates work by:
- Facilitating the actions of GABA at GABA receptors.
- Antagonizing glutamate.
- Facilitating chloride conductance into neurons.
Barbiturate Medications
- Thiopental: Anesthetic, duration of effect is 15 minutes.
- Secobarbital: Hypnotic, duration of effect is 30 minutes.
- Pentobarbital: Hypnotic, duration of effect is 4 hours.
- Phenobarbital: Anticonvulsant, duration of effect is 6 hours.
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Description
Explore the complexities of anxiety disorders, their prevalence, and the neurobiological underpinnings that contribute to these conditions. Delve into the roles of the amygdala and neurotransmitters like GABA in modulating anxiety responses. Test your understanding of the intersections between psychological and biological perspectives on anxiety.
