Anxiety Disorder: Roles of Stress

What is the primary function of the parasympathetic system in the context of stress response?

To stimulate the hypothalamus and initiate the fight or flight response
To mediate the pituitary adrenal axis
To enhance blood clotting
To terminate the stress response through negative feedback (correct)

What is the primary role of the Locus coeruleus (LC) in the stress response?

To regulate the sympathetic nervous system
To mediate the physiological response to stressors (correct)
To mediate the pituitary adrenal axis
To terminate the stress response through negative feedback

Which of the following is NOT a psychological response to stress?

Cognitive impairment
Apathy and depression
Euphoria (correct)
Anxiety

What is the primary function of noradrenaline and adrenaline in the context of stress response?

To mediate the sympathetic nervous system (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Holmes Life Events Scale?

To measure the amount of stress experienced by an individual (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of anxiety in this context?

A vague unpleasant emotion that is experienced in anticipation of some future misfortune (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary intention of using 5-HT1A agonists in the treatment of depression?

To improve depression and avoid agitation (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is NOT used in the treatment of Panic Disorder?

Pregabalin (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Benzodiazepines on GABA-A receptors?

Increasing the influx of Cl- ions into the nerve (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of administering Benzodiazepines with other CNS depressants?

Synergistic interaction, increasing the risk of fatal overdoses (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary side effect of Benzodiazepines in the elderly?

Psychomotor retardation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying mechanism of tolerance and withdrawal of Benzodiazepines?

Down-regulation of GABA-A receptors (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for continued Benzodiazepine therapy despite tolerance?

To suppress withdrawal symptoms (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Benzodiazepine agonists and inverse agonists?

Agonists reduce anxiety, inverse agonists increase anxiety (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of SSRIs on diazepam blood levels?

Increase diazepam blood levels (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern with using Benzodiazepines in pregnancy?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of buspirone?

5-HT1A partial agonist (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of panic disorder?

Abrupt onset of intense fear or discomfort (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cognitive symptom of agoraphobia?

Thoughts of dying (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between social phobia and panic disorder?

Social phobia involves fear of scrutiny by others (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum duration required for the diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

2 weeks (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common comorbid problem with panic disorder?

Depression (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of buspirone over benzodiazepines?

No dependence problems (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder?

Focus on education and recognition of negative thoughts (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of behavioral therapy for agoraphobia?

Expose the individual to feared situations (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder?

OCD involves repetitive behaviors, while BDD involves fear of appearance (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the locus ceruleus in relation to anxiety?

Regulation of emotional response (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, what happens to performance as anxiety increases beyond a certain threshold?

It decreases (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders?

15-20% (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the serotonin theory of anxiety?

Serotonin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder?

Generalized and persistent anxiety (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale?

To measure the severity of anxiety symptoms (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hippocampus in anxiety disorders?

Formation of fear memories (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders?

To break down problems into smaller parts (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between anxiety and depression?

They are co-morbid (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the amygdala in anxiety disorders?

Regulation of emotional response (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of obsessive thoughts and compulsions?

They are acknowledged as originating in the mind of the patient (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for obsessions and compulsions?

Pharmacotherapy with beta blockers (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for SSRI's and TCA's in treating obsessions and compulsions?

Augmentation of serotonin and norepinephrine (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of PTSD?

Delayed or protracted response to trauma (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary biological cause of PTSD?