42 Questions
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic system in the context of stress response?
To terminate the stress response through negative feedback
What is the primary role of the Locus coeruleus (LC) in the stress response?
To mediate the physiological response to stressors
Which of the following is NOT a psychological response to stress?
Euphoria
What is the primary function of noradrenaline and adrenaline in the context of stress response?
To mediate the sympathetic nervous system
What is the primary purpose of the Holmes Life Events Scale?
To measure the amount of stress experienced by an individual
What is the definition of anxiety in this context?
A vague unpleasant emotion that is experienced in anticipation of some future misfortune
What is the primary intention of using 5-HT1A agonists in the treatment of depression?
To improve depression and avoid agitation
Which of the following medications is NOT used in the treatment of Panic Disorder?
Pregabalin
What is the primary mechanism of action of Benzodiazepines on GABA-A receptors?
Increasing the influx of Cl- ions into the nerve
What is the effect of administering Benzodiazepines with other CNS depressants?
Synergistic interaction, increasing the risk of fatal overdoses
What is the primary side effect of Benzodiazepines in the elderly?
Psychomotor retardation
What is the underlying mechanism of tolerance and withdrawal of Benzodiazepines?
Down-regulation of GABA-A receptors
What is the primary reason for continued Benzodiazepine therapy despite tolerance?
To suppress withdrawal symptoms
What is the primary difference between Benzodiazepine agonists and inverse agonists?
Agonists reduce anxiety, inverse agonists increase anxiety
What is the effect of SSRIs on diazepam blood levels?
Increase diazepam blood levels
What is the primary concern with using Benzodiazepines in pregnancy?
All of the above
What is the primary mechanism of action of buspirone?
5-HT1A partial agonist
What is the characteristic feature of panic disorder?
Abrupt onset of intense fear or discomfort
Which of the following is a cognitive symptom of agoraphobia?
Thoughts of dying
What is the primary difference between social phobia and panic disorder?
Social phobia involves fear of scrutiny by others
What is the minimum duration required for the diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
2 weeks
Which of the following is a common comorbid problem with panic disorder?
Depression
What is the primary advantage of buspirone over benzodiazepines?
No dependence problems
What is the characteristic feature of cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder?
Focus on education and recognition of negative thoughts
What is the primary goal of behavioral therapy for agoraphobia?
Expose the individual to feared situations
What is the primary difference between obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder?
OCD involves repetitive behaviors, while BDD involves fear of appearance
What is the primary function of the locus ceruleus in relation to anxiety?
Regulation of emotional response
According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, what happens to performance as anxiety increases beyond a certain threshold?
It decreases
What is the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders?
15-20%
What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the serotonin theory of anxiety?
Serotonin
What is the primary characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder?
Generalized and persistent anxiety
What is the purpose of the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale?
To measure the severity of anxiety symptoms
What is the role of the hippocampus in anxiety disorders?
Formation of fear memories
What is the primary goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders?
To break down problems into smaller parts
What is the relationship between anxiety and depression?
They are co-morbid
What is the primary function of the amygdala in anxiety disorders?
Regulation of emotional response
What is the primary characteristic of obsessive thoughts and compulsions?
They are acknowledged as originating in the mind of the patient
Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for obsessions and compulsions?
Pharmacotherapy with beta blockers
What is the primary mechanism of action for SSRI's and TCA's in treating obsessions and compulsions?
Augmentation of serotonin and norepinephrine
What is the primary characteristic of PTSD?
Delayed or protracted response to trauma
What is the primary biological cause of PTSD?
All of the above
What is the primary diagnostic criterion for PTSD?
Patient must have been exposed to a stressful event of exceptionally threatening or catastrophic nature
Learn about the role of stress in anxiety disorders, including the definition of stress, stressors, and the stress response. Understand how controllability, predictability, and challenge to our limits influence our response to stress. Discover the different psychological responses to stress, including anxiety, anger, and depression.
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