Anxiety and the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)
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Questions and Answers

What model did Joseph Newman develop to explain anxiety?

  • Experiential Consequences Theory
  • Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) (correct)
  • Fear and Reward Model
  • Amygdala Activation Theory
  • Where is the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) located in the brain network?

  • Occipital Lobe
  • Amygdala
  • Frontal Lobe
  • Septo-hippocampal brain network (correct)
  • According to Joseph Newman, what is the core problem in psychopaths?

  • Underactive Reward Center
  • Overactive Behavioural Activation System
  • Increased amygdala activity
  • Not learning to fear punishment (correct)
  • What explanation does Joseph Newman provide for why psychopaths make errors on tasks involving rewards?

    <p>Their under-active BIS leads them to repeat punished behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one behavior exhibited by children with psychopathic traits when playing with a deck of cards?

    <p>Continuing to play even when the cards no longer lead to rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure also plays a key role in the experience of fear, alongside the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain regions were found to have differences in murderers pleading not guilty by reason of insanity?

    <p>vMPFC, amygdala, superior temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common finding in aggressive individuals with different personality disorders?

    <p>Reduced activity in the orbitofrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a study by Jean Decety and colleagues, which brain regions showed increased activity in aggressive teenagers while watching films of deliberate infliction of pain?

    <p>Amygdala, ventral striatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be of key importance in anti-social behavior according to the text?

    <p>Hypersensitivity of the reward circuitry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which German word describes experiencing pleasure at someone else's pain?

    <p>Schadenfreude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of teenagers were studied by Jean Decety and colleagues at the University of Chicago?

    <p>Teenagers with Conduct Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main argument presented in the text regarding the term 'evil'?

    <p>It should be substituted with 'absent empathy'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes James' behavior according to the text?

    <p>Self-centeredness and entitlement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Zero-Negative type is James classified as in the text?

    <p>Type N</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a prominent characteristic of James' perception about himself in the text?

    <p>Self-righteousness and victimhood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does James view the actions of others towards him in the text?

    <p>As indifferent and selfish.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neural abnormalities are seen in aggressive people in relation to empathy?

    <p>Decreased ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain region's size contributes to the sex difference in anti-social behavior?

    <p>Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain region's integrity is reduced in psychopaths, predicting their scores on the Psychopathy Checklist?

    <p>Tract between ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) and amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem in the psychopathic brain according to one view?

    <p>Decreased activity in the frontal lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is responsible for providing 'executive' control over action?

    <p>Frontal lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain regions are affected in psychopaths, leading to abnormalities in the empathy circuit?

    <p>Temporal regions and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is released by the pituitary gland in response to a signal from the amygdala during stress?

    <p>ACTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cortisol affect the hippocampus under prolonged stress conditions?

    <p>It shrinks and damages it irreversibly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the phenomenon where nerve cells start branching excessively under stress, making them over-reactive?

    <p>Aborization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior does an animal typically exhibit when faced with a small threat according to the text?

    <p>Freeze to assess the situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of 'escape' behavior in animals facing a bigger and closer threat?

    <p>To minimize risk of being attacked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region plays a crucial role in allowing animals to regulate their stress response according to the text?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

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