Anxiety and the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

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What model did Joseph Newman develop to explain anxiety?

Experiential Consequences Theory

Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) (correct)

Fear and Reward Model

Amygdala Activation Theory

Where is the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) located in the brain network?

Occipital Lobe

Amygdala

Frontal Lobe

Septo-hippocampal brain network (correct)

According to Joseph Newman, what is the core problem in psychopaths?

Underactive Reward Center

Overactive Behavioural Activation System

Increased amygdala activity

Not learning to fear punishment (correct)

What explanation does Joseph Newman provide for why psychopaths make errors on tasks involving rewards?

Their under-active BIS leads them to repeat punished behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is one behavior exhibited by children with psychopathic traits when playing with a deck of cards?

Continuing to play even when the cards no longer lead to rewards Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure also plays a key role in the experience of fear, alongside the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)?

Amygdala Signup and view all the answers

What brain regions were found to have differences in murderers pleading not guilty by reason of insanity?

vMPFC, amygdala, superior temporal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What was a common finding in aggressive individuals with different personality disorders?

Reduced activity in the orbitofrontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

In a study by Jean Decety and colleagues, which brain regions showed increased activity in aggressive teenagers while watching films of deliberate infliction of pain?

Amygdala, ventral striatum Signup and view all the answers

What may be of key importance in anti-social behavior according to the text?

Hypersensitivity of the reward circuitry Signup and view all the answers

Which German word describes experiencing pleasure at someone else's pain?

Schadenfreude Signup and view all the answers

What type of teenagers were studied by Jean Decety and colleagues at the University of Chicago?

Teenagers with Conduct Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument presented in the text regarding the term 'evil'?

It should be substituted with 'absent empathy'. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes James' behavior according to the text?

Self-centeredness and entitlement. Signup and view all the answers

Which Zero-Negative type is James classified as in the text?

Type N Signup and view all the answers

What is a prominent characteristic of James' perception about himself in the text?

Self-righteousness and victimhood. Signup and view all the answers

How does James view the actions of others towards him in the text?

As indifferent and selfish. Signup and view all the answers

What neural abnormalities are seen in aggressive people in relation to empathy?

Decreased ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) activity Signup and view all the answers

What brain region's size contributes to the sex difference in anti-social behavior?

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) Signup and view all the answers

What brain region's integrity is reduced in psychopaths, predicting their scores on the Psychopathy Checklist?

Tract between ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) and amygdala Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary problem in the psychopathic brain according to one view?

Decreased activity in the frontal lobes Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is responsible for providing 'executive' control over action?

Frontal lobes Signup and view all the answers

What brain regions are affected in psychopaths, leading to abnormalities in the empathy circuit?

Temporal regions and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is released by the pituitary gland in response to a signal from the amygdala during stress?

ACTH Signup and view all the answers

How does cortisol affect the hippocampus under prolonged stress conditions?

It shrinks and damages it irreversibly Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the phenomenon where nerve cells start branching excessively under stress, making them over-reactive?

Aborization Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior does an animal typically exhibit when faced with a small threat according to the text?

Freeze to assess the situation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of 'escape' behavior in animals facing a bigger and closer threat?

To minimize risk of being attacked Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region plays a crucial role in allowing animals to regulate their stress response according to the text?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers