Antiviral Drugs and Metabolic Boosters

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What is the primary mechanism of action of sofosbuvir in the simplified HCV treatment regimen?

Inhibits the RdRp of HCV (correct)

Inhibits viral entry into host cells

Inhibits the NS5A enzyme of HCV

Promotes viral RNA degradation

Which of the following is a key pharmacokinetic property of the velpatasvir component in the simplified HCV treatment regimen?

Velpatasvir requires an acidic gastric pH for optimal absorption (correct)

Velpatasvir has a short half-life and requires daily dosing

Velpatasvir is administered intravenously

Velpatasvir is not affected by drug-drug interactions

Which of the following is a common adverse effect reported with the simplified HCV treatment regimen of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir?

Elevated bilirubin

Anemia

Rash

Fatigue and headache (correct)

According to the information provided, what is the typical duration of the simplified HCV treatment regimen using sofosbuvir/velpatasvir?

12 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection?

Sexual transmission and percutaneous exposure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic HBV infection?

The risk of chronic infection decreases with age at infection Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment for Chronic HBV involves weekly dosing via injection and signaling through binding to interferon receptors and Jak/Stat pathways?

Pegylated interferon Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Pegylated Interferon in treating HBV?

Signaling through binding to interferon receptors and Jak/Stat pathways Signup and view all the answers

Which HBV antiviral is associated with adverse effects such as lactic acidosis and hematuria?

Tenofovir Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of patients achieve a 'functional cure' under HBV Treatment according to the provided text?

Approximately 10% Signup and view all the answers

Which HBV antiviral involves attachment to an inert molecule (polyethylene glycol) for slowing absorption and clearance?

Pegylated interferon Signup and view all the answers

What are the common adverse effects associated with Pegylated Interferon treatment for HBV?

Flu-like symptoms, injection site inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the mechanism of action of neuraminidase inhibitors?

They bind to the active site of neuraminidase and inhibit its function, preventing the spread of progeny virions through the respiratory tract. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the administration of influenza antivirals is correct?

Antivirals should be given within the first 48 hours of symptom onset for uncomplicated influenza cases. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is at an increased risk for influenza complications?

Pregnant women and those in the postpartum period Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most common complication associated with influenza?

Pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the duration of uncomplicated seasonal influenza symptoms?

Acute symptoms typically last 1 week, with cough, fatigue, and generalized weakness lasting 2-6 weeks. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the classes of influenza antivirals is correct?

Neuraminidase inhibitors and endonuclease inhibitors are the two main classes of influenza antivirals currently in use. Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the herpesvirus life cycle is targeted by antiviral treatments?

Lytic stage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following herpesvirus infections is NOT typically seen in immunocompromised individuals?

Oral Herpes Lesions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a member of the herpesvirus family for which antiviral treatments are indicated?

EBV Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of acyclovir, a herpesvirus antiviral drug?

Competitive inhibition of viral DNA polymerase and chain termination Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of herpesvirus infections?

Suppression of both lytic and latent stages by antivirals Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is administered together with a 'metabolic booster' in the treatment of herpesvirus infections?

The text does not mention any drug being administered with a 'metabolic booster' Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Letermovir is correct?

It targets the CMV DNA terminase, cleaving newly synthesized viral DNA. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adverse effects is associated with Maribavir?

Taste disturbances Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about influenza virus is incorrect?

It has a low propensity for mutation and acquiring resistance to antivirals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Maribavir is true?

It inhibits the CMV UL97 kinase. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an effective strategy for combating influenza disease?

Administering antivirals after 48 hours of symptom onset Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic indication for Letermovir?

Prophylaxis of CMV infection and disease in adult CMV-seropositive HSCT recipients Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following is the most important characteristic a tendon should possess for an effective transfer?

Phasic nature of the tendon Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended minimum level of muscle power for a tendon transfer procedure?

M4 Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following is the ideal tension state for a transferred tendon?

Zero tension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tendon transfer techniques is described in the passage as an 'In-Phase' transfer?

Peroneus Longus to Brevis Tendon Transfer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tendon fixation techniques is described in the passage as utilizing a 'Trephine Plug'?

Trephine Plug/Osseous Tunnel/Interference Screw Signup and view all the answers

According to the Blix curve concept described in the passage, at what percentage of the muscle's resting length does the muscle produce the greatest contractile force?

120% Signup and view all the answers

What structures make up the mesotenon in tendon anatomy?

Epitenon and paratenon Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of tendon healing involves fibroblasts bridging the gap zone and collagen synthesis?

Proliferative phase Signup and view all the answers

In tendon surgery, what is the role of fibroblasts in the proliferative phase of healing?

Collagen synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the paratenon in tendon anatomy?

Allows tendon to glide like a piston Signup and view all the answers

Which layer surrounds the tendon and allows it to glide only in tendons with a straight pull, such as the Achilles tendon?

Paratenon Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the inflammatory phase of tendon healing?

Platelet aggregation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of the End to End Lateral Trap Repair technique in tendon fixation?

It avoids constricting the microcirculation of the tendon. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a tendon transfer and a tendon transposition?

A tendon transfer involves detachment of the tendon, while a transposition does not. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques is used when performing a tendon lengthening procedure?

Side to Side Anastomosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a tendon suspension procedure?

To support or suspend a structure using a tendon. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tendon fixation techniques is characterized by an interlocking weave stitch that provides good tensile strength without constricting microcirculation?

End to End Krackow Repair Signup and view all the answers

In the context of tendon fixation techniques, what is the primary disadvantage of the End to End Bunnell Repair?

It can constrict the vascular supply to the tendon. Signup and view all the answers