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Questions and Answers
What should a nurse monitor for when administering Oseltamivir?
How can the gastrointestinal disturbances caused by Oseltamivir be reduced?
What is the primary mechanism of action for adamantine derivatives like amantadine?
Which of the following is a contraindication for using adamantine derivatives?
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What is the effectiveness of adamantine derivatives if treatment starts before exposure to type A influenza?
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What side effect should patients and caregivers report while on zanamivir treatment?
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What is a potential consequence of resistant strains of the influenza virus?
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What conditions are adamantine derivatives effective against?
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What is the primary characteristic of a virus outside of a host?
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Which step is involved in the replicative cycle of a virus?
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What is true about most antiviral agents?
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Where do DNA viruses typically undergo transcription?
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Which of the following describes a characteristic of viruses?
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What strategy do antiviral agents employ to prevent viral replication?
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Which of the following factors can lead to toxicity in antiviral treatments?
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Which statement is true regarding the replication of RNA viruses?
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What is a condition under which antiviral agents are indicated during an influenza outbreak?
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What is the mechanism of action for neuraminidase inhibitors like oseltamivir?
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What should be a consideration when administering zanamivir?
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Which of the following is NOT a virus included in respiratory virus infections?
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What is the typical pharmacokinetics for oseltamivir?
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What is a common adverse effect associated with neuraminidase inhibitors?
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Which population is most likely to develop drug-resistant viruses?
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When given within the first 24-48 hours after infection, neuraminidase inhibitors can:
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What is a significant adverse effect of amantadine that requires monitoring in patients with a history of psychiatric illness?
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Which pharmacokinetic property significantly differs between amantadine and rimantadine?
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What primary condition is ribavirin used to treat in infants when nebulized?
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Which statement about ribavirin's mechanism of action is correct?
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Which of the following is a common adverse effect associated with both amantadine and ribavirin?
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What is a potentially serious adverse effect of ribavirin, particularly with parenteral use?
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What is a critical nursing responsibility when administering amantadine?
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Which group of viruses is relatively resistant to ribavirin?
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Study Notes
Antiviral Agents and Mechanisms
- Oseltamivir can cause nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort.
- Important nursing responsibilities include monitoring for seizures at treatment onset, allergies, and abnormal behavior.
- Administer Oseltamivir with food to mitigate gastrointestinal disturbances.
- Zanamivir administration requires assessment for breathing problems and bronchospasm signs.
Adamantine Derivatives
- Amantadine and Rimantadine are effective against Influenza A, both for treatment and prevention.
- Initiating treatment before or immediately after exposure prevents infection in 70-90% of cases.
- Amantadine can also treat Parkinsonism, while contraindications include epilepsy, gastric ulcer, and pregnancy.
- Mechanism involves blocking the M2 protein, crucial for viral uncoating.
- Resistance develops via mutations in the M2 protein.
Structure of Viruses
- Viruses lack cell walls/membranes and rely on the host for metabolic processes.
- They contain either DNA or RNA inside a protein coat and may have a lipid envelope.
- Viral replication involves stages from attachment to the host cell to release of new virions.
Antiviral Action Mechanisms
- Antivirals may block viral entry, exit, or act inside host cells.
- Few selective agents prevent viral replication without harming host cells.
- Effective antivirals target specific viral proteins, often viral nucleic acid synthesis enzymes.
Treatment of Respiratory Infections
- Key respiratory infections include Influenza A/B and RSV.
- Antiviral agents are used when patients are allergic to vaccines or when high-risk outbreaks occur.
Neuraminidase Inhibitors
- Neuraminidase is essential for the viral life cycle and facilitates the release of virions from infected cells.
- Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and Zanamivir (Relenza) inhibit this enzyme, effective against influenza A, B, and avian strains.
- They should be administered within 24-48 hours for symptom relief and prevention.
Pharmacokinetics and Adverse Effects
- Oseltamivir is an orally administered prodrug processed in the liver, with a half-life of 6-10 hours.
- Zanamivir has low oral bioavailability and is inhaled; it has a shorter half-life of 2-5 hours.
- Both can cause effects like bronchospasm, cough, delirium, and hallucinations.
Amantadine Pharmacokinetics
- Amantadine is well absorbed orally, penetrates the CNS, and has a long half-life (16 hours).
- Rimantadine has extensive liver metabolism with a longer half-life (30 hours) but less CNS penetration.
Ribavirin
- Ribavirin is a synthetic guanosine analog with broad-spectrum activity against various viruses, including RSV and Hepatitis C.
- Mechanism involves conversion to ribavirin-triphosphate, inhibiting viral RNA synthesis.
- Adverse effects include anemia, CNS, and GI symptoms, with aerosol use may cause mucosa irritation and bronchospasm in infants.
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Description
This quiz covers essential antiviral agents such as Oseltamivir and Adamantine derivatives, including their mechanisms of action and nursing responsibilities during treatment. It also explores the structure of viruses and their dependency on host metabolism. Test your knowledge on effective strategies for influenza prevention and treatment.
