Final exam: pharm
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of expectorants in reducing the viscosity of mucus?

  • Inhibiting the production of respiratory tract fluids
  • Directly stimulating the respiratory tract to increase mucus production
  • Indirectly stimulating the respiratory tract through irritation of the GI tract (correct)
  • Increasing the reabsorption of respiratory tract fluids

    • What is the primary therapeutic effect of expectorants?

  • Reducing the frequency of productive coughs
  • Loosening and thinning sputum and bronchial secretions (correct)
  • Suppressing the cough reflex
  • Increasing the viscosity of mucus

    • In which patients should expectorants be used with caution?

  • Patients with a fever
  • Patients with a productive cough
  • Older adults and patients with asthma or respiratory insufficiency (correct)
  • Patients with a history of allergic reactions

    • What is the primary indication for the use of expectorants?

    <p>Relief of productive coughs associated with common cold and bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key nursing implication for patients taking expectorants?

    <p>Increase fluids to help loosen and liquefy secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of using topical nasal decongestants over several days?

    <p>Rebound congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drugs constrict the small arterioles when stimulated, leading to decongestant effects?

    <p>Alpha-adrenergic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of oral decongestants compared to topical nasal decongestants?

    <p>No rebound congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drug is less commonly used as a decongestant?

    <p>Parasympatholytics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of excessive nasal secretions and inflamed and swollen nasal mucosa?

    <p>Allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of using monoamine oxidase inhibitors and sympathomimetic nasal decongestants together?

    <p>Raising blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key nursing implication for patients taking nasal decongestants?

    <p>Report fever, cough, or symptoms lasting longer than 1 week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cough reflex in respiratory physiology?

    <p>To remove foreign objects from the respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a productive cough and a nonproductive cough?

    <p>Productive cough removes excessive secretions, while nonproductive cough is dry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are antitussive drugs typically used?

    <p>For nonproductive coughs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of opioids in suppressing the cough reflex?

    <p>By direct action on the cough center in the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of benzonatate?

    <p>Dizziness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it appropriate to use antitussive drugs?

    <p>For nonproductive coughs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing implication for patients taking antitussive drugs?

    <p>Instruct patients to avoid driving or operating heavy equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for antitussive drugs?

    <p>Drug allergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of combining monoamine oxidase inhibitors with sympathomimetic nasal decongestants?

    <p>Elevated blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should patients taking nasal decongestants avoid caffeine and caffeine-containing products?

    <p>To minimize the risk of adverse interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of the cough reflex in respiratory physiology?

    <p>It removes excess secretions and foreign objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of antitussive drugs?

    <p>Suppressing the cough reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the use of antitussive drugs typically appropriate?

    <p>When a patient has a nonproductive cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected effect of expectorants on the tendency to cough?

    <p>Indirectly diminished coughing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of action of expectorants?

    <p>Inhibition of mucus production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rationale behind increasing fluids in patients taking expectorants?

    <p>To help loosen and liquefy secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for monitoring for intended therapeutic effects in patients taking expectorants?

    <p>To assess the effectiveness of the drug in relieving cough symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are expectorants used with caution in older adults and patients with asthma or respiratory insufficiency?

    <p>Due to increased risk of adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant adverse effect of using topical nasal decongestants over an extended period?

    <p>Rebound congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential interaction between sympathomimetic nasal decongestants and other medications?

    <p>Monoamine oxidase inhibitors exacerbating sympathomimetic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial nursing implication for patients taking nasal decongestants?

    <p>Assessing for rebound congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of antitussive drugs in suppressing the cough reflex?

    <p>Depression of the cough center in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of using sympathomimetic nasal decongestants in excessive doses?

    <p>Stimulation of the heart, blood vessels, and CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drug interaction can occur when sympathomimetic nasal decongestants are given with systemic sympathomimetic drugs?

    <p>Increased risk of drug toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cough reflex in respiratory physiology?

    <p>Removal of irritants from the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key nursing implication for patients taking nasal decongestants?

    <p>Monitor for rebound congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cough reflex in respiratory physiology?

    <p>To clear mucus from the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of antitussive drugs?

    <p>Suppression of the cough reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of antihistamines in reducing nasal secretions?

    <p>Blockade of histamine receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an anticholinergic effect of antihistamines?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of sedative antihistamines?

    <p>Management of nasal allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antihistamine is more likely to cause drowsiness?

    <p>Traditional antihistamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for the use of antihistamines?

    <p>Bronchial asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between traditional and nonsedating antihistamines?

    <p>Central nervous system effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of nonsedating antihistamines?

    <p>Fewer adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a nursing implication for patients taking antihistamines?

    <p>Assess for drug allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of antitussive drugs?

    <p>Suppression of the cough reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of expectorants in reducing the viscosity of mucus?

    <p>Thinner mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of excessive mucus production in response to viral infection?

    <p>Fluid drainage into the esophagus and lower respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to identify the cause of a cold?

    <p>Due to the similar symptoms of viral and bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of nonopioid antitussives like dextromethorphan?

    <p>Numbing of the stretch receptors in the respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of opioids used as antitussives?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended age restriction for the use of OTC cough and cold products?

    <p>Children younger than 2 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of mucosal irritation in the nasal mucosa?

    <p>Release of inflammatory and vasoactive substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of instructing patients to report certain symptoms to the caregiver when taking antitussives?

    <p>To monitor for potential allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of symptomatic treatment for the common cold?

    <p>To reduce the severity of symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of cough is the use of antitussive drugs typically indicated?

    <p>Nonproductive cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of opioids on the respiratory system?

    <p>Suppression of the cough reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of xanthine derivatives on the heart?

    <p>Increased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of xanthine derivatives?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nursing implication for patients taking xanthine derivatives with a history of PUD or GI disorders?

    <p>Avoid use altogether</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic effect of theophylline in infants?

    <p>Enhancement of respiratory drive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosage range for aminophylline in treating patients with status asthmaticus?

    <p>5-15 mcg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cigarette smoking on xanthine metabolism?

    <p>It enhances the metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) work?

    <p>By preventing leukotrienes from attaching to receptors on cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential interaction between xanthine derivatives and other medications?

    <p>With cimetidine, resulting in decreased xanthine metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing implication for patients taking xanthine derivatives?

    <p>Be aware of drug interactions with certain medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of leukotriene receptor antagonists in reducing inflammation?

    <p>By preventing leukotrienes from attaching to receptors on cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of xanthine derivatives in producing bronchodilation?

    <p>Competitively inhibiting phosphodiesterase to increase cAMP levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial nursing implication for patients taking beta-adrenergic agonists?

    <p>Reporting insomnia, jitteriness, and restlessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of anticholinergics in patients with COPD?

    <p>Helping reduce secretions in COPD patients and preventing bronchospasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of anticholinergics?

    <p>Dry mouth and nasal congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of anticholinergics in preventing bronchospasm?

    <p>Binding to acetylcholine receptors to prevent bronchial constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (LTRAs) on bronchial airways?

    <p>Decrease smooth muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (LTRAs)?

    <p>Headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of Corticosteroids in asthma treatment?

    <p>Chronic asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial nursing implication for patients taking Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (LTRAs)?

    <p>Monitor for liver function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using inhaled Corticosteroids in asthma treatment?

    <p>Systemic effects are reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consideration for patients taking inhaled corticosteroids in terms of their medication regimen?

    <p>Adjusting the dosage of antidiabetic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important aspect of patient education for proper inhaler use?

    <p>Ensuring the patient can self-administer the medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial nursing implication for patients taking inhaled corticosteroids?

    <p>Promoting adequate fluid intake and avoiding excessive fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important aspect of the respiratory assessment before beginning therapy with inhaled corticosteroids?

    <p>Performing pulse oximetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key indicator of therapeutic effects in patients taking inhaled corticosteroids?

    <p>Increased ease of breathing and return to normal respiratory patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of corticosteroids in reducing inflammation?

    <p>Stabilizing the membranes of cells that release harmful bronchoconstricting substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of inhaled corticosteroids?

    <p>Hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using inhaled corticosteroids over systemic corticosteroids?

    <p>Inhaled corticosteroids have fewer systemic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse effect of inhaled corticosteroids that is more likely to occur with systemic corticosteroids?

    <p>Systemic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of inhaled corticosteroids?

    <p>Primary treatment of bronchospastic disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

    <p>To deliver oxygen to and remove carbon dioxide from the cells of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of bronchial asthma?

    <p>Recurrent and reversible shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of bronchospasms, inflammation, and edema of the bronchial mucosa in bronchial asthma?

    <p>The airways of the lungs become narrow and airflow to the alveoli is obstructed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchial asthma?

    <p>COPD is a chronic and irreversible condition, while bronchial asthma is a recurrent and reversible condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of medication is used to treat bronchial asthma?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of leukotriene receptor antagonists?

    <p>They block the action of leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cardiac stimulants?

    <p>To increase heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing implication for patients taking corticosteroids?

    <p>Monitor for signs of adrenal insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of xanthine derivatives on the respiratory system?

    <p>They relax the bronchial muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of antidiabetic agents in reducing blood glucose levels?

    <p>Increase insulin receptor sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern for patients with hypoglycemia?

    <p>Seizures and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for mild cases of hypoglycemia?

    <p>Diet adjustment with higher protein intake and lower carbohydrate intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of glucagon in treating hypoglycemia?

    <p>Rapidly increases blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial nursing implication for patients taking antidiabetic drugs?

    <p>Obtain and document a thorough history and vital signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of patients may develop type 2 DM within 10 to 15 years after subsiding?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the HbA1C diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes?

    <p>6.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended screening frequency for diabetes in patients 45 years and older?

    <p>Every 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of glycemic control in diabetes treatment?

    <p>HbA1C of less than 7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes always requires insulin therapy?

    <p>Type 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential to assess before administering medications that alter glucose levels?

    <p>Patient's ability to consume food or liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a concern for patients with diabetes who are under stress?

    <p>Increased risk of complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for patient education regarding diabetes management?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial to check before administering insulin?

    <p>Patient's blood glucose level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is important to ensure when preparing insulin?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary response to monitor when administering glucose tablets or gel to a patient?

    <p>Decrease in blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Secretion of catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of oversecretion of corticosteroids?

    <p>Cushing's syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glucocorticoids?

    <p>Regulation of blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should alpha-glucosidase inhibitors be taken?

    <p>With the first bite of each main meal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of monitoring HbA1C levels?

    <p>Monitoring long-term glucose control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should metformin be discontinued in patients undergoing studies with contrast dye?

    <p>To prevent renal effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of metformin?

    <p>Increasing insulin sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should oral antidiabetic drugs be administered in relation to meals?

    <p>30 minutes before meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of glucose regulation in diabetes management?

    <p>Maintaining normoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus?

    <p>To achieve a HbA1C level of 7% or less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of metformin in reducing blood glucose levels?

    <p>Decreasing the release of glucose from the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of oral antidiabetic drugs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diabetes is typically treated with lifestyle modifications and oral antidiabetic drugs?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of basal insulin in the basal-bolus insulin dosing regimen?

    <p>To provide a constant, low-level insulin supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors?

    <p>Inhibit glucose reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adverse effects is associated with amylin agonists?

    <p>Anorexia and nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors in terms of glycemic control?

    <p>Reduced risk of hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following oral antidiabetic drugs is associated with a risk of hemorrhagic pancreatitis?

    <p>Incretin mimetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on the kidneys?

    <p>Decreased renal threshold for glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common adverse effect of incretin mimetics?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors in terms of weight management?

    <p>Weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following oral antidiabetic drugs works independently of insulin?

    <p>SGLT2 inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on glucose metabolism?

    <p>Increased glucose excretion in the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following oral antidiabetic drugs is associated with an increased risk of pancreatitis?

    <p>Incretin mimetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern for patients who experience hyperkalemia due to digoxin toxicity?

    <p>Risk of life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential contraindication for the use of digoxin in patients with cardiac conditions?

    <p>Use of cardiac pacemaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of digoxin on the central nervous system?

    <p>Convulsions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial nursing implication for patients taking digoxin?

    <p>Assessing clinical parameters such as BP and apical pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for the use of this medication?

    <p>Pre-existing QT prolongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a condition that predisposes to digoxin toxicity?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of this medication?

    <p>Fainting episodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing implication for patients taking this medication?

    <p>Limit alcohol consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of cardiac glycosides in reducing heart rate?

    <p>Decreased automaticity at SA node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for the use of cardiac glycosides in patients with hypokalemia?

    <p>Low potassium levels increase its toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drug interaction with this medication?

    <p>Interactions with other QT-prolonging drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing implication for patients taking this medication in relation to their vital signs?

    <p>Monitoring for pulse rate less than 60 beats/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of cardiac glycosides, particularly in patients with low potassium levels?

    <p>Increased toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial nursing implication for patients taking cardiac glycosides?

    <p>Monitoring of electrolyte levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Alpha2-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulators?

    <p>They stimulate the alpha2-adrenergic receptors, decreasing the release of norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for the use of Alpha2-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulators?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic window for digoxin levels?

    <p>0.5 to 2 ng/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drug interaction to consider when using Adrenergic Drugs?

    <p>Additive CNS depression with alcohol, benzodiazepines, and opioids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing implication for patients taking Clonidine?

    <p>Monitor for signs of hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of Adrenergic Drugs?

    <p>Rebound hypertension with abrupt discontinuation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of beta blockers?

    <p>Systolic heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of atenolol?

    <p>Cardioselective beta1-adrenergic receptor blocker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect of beta blockers that is of particular concern in patients with diabetes?

    <p>Masking of hypoglycemia-induced tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing implication for patients taking beta blockers?

    <p>Discussing treatments for impotence with a physician</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential drug interaction with beta blockers?

    <p>Increased risk of hypoglycemia with insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers in reducing blood pressure?

    <p>Blockage of the binding of calcium to its receptors, preventing muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following patients should not take losartan?

    <p>A breastfeeding woman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of angiotensin II receptor blockers?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing implication for patients taking calcium channel blockers?

    <p>Monitor for changes in blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of nitrates and nitrites?

    <p>Relaxing smooth muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for the use of nitrates?

    <p>Severe anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of using nitrates with erectil dysfunction drugs?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing implication for patients taking nitrates?

    <p>Monitoring for signs of hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of nitrates?

    <p>Headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of nitrates?

    <p>Stable angina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of nitrates on coronary arteries?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of nitrates' effect on coronary arteries?

    <p>Increased oxygen delivery to ischemic myocardial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of long-term use of nitrates?

    <p>Tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of administration for rapid-acting forms of nitrates?

    <p>Sublingual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of desmopressin?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial aspect of patient assessment prior to administering heparin?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of monitoring aPTT laboratory values in patients receiving heparin?

    <p>To monitor coagulation effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial consideration when administering subcutaneous heparin doses?

    <p>Rotating injection sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of protamine sulfate in relation to heparin administration?

    <p>To counteract excessive anticoagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action when a patient on warfarin exhibits excessive anticoagulation?

    <p>Provide vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial aspect of patient education regarding anticoagulant therapy?

    <p>Importance of regular laboratory testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential interaction between warfarin and certain herbal products?

    <p>Increased risk of bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of protamine sulfate in cases of excessive anticoagulation?

    <p>Reversing the effects of heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing implication for patients receiving subcutaneous injections of low-molecular-weight heparin?

    <p>Rotate injection sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for assessing dietary patterns and exercise level in patients taking omega-3 fatty acids?

    <p>To assess the patient's overall health status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to obtain baseline liver function studies in patients taking omega-3 fatty acids?

    <p>To identify potential contraindications such as liver dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended instruction for patients taking omega-3 fatty acid powder forms?

    <p>Mix the powder with a liquid and take immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of starting with a low initial dose of niacin and gradually increasing it in patients taking omega-3 fatty acids?

    <p>To minimize adverse effects such as niacin-induced flush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to counsel patients taking omega-3 fatty acids on diet and nutrition on an ongoing basis?

    <p>To promote overall health and wellness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary nursing implication for patients taking diuretics along with a digitalis preparation?

    <p>Monitoring for digitalis toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should patients with diabetes mellitus who are taking thiazide or loop diuretics monitor their blood glucose levels?

    <p>To monitor for elevated blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of fluid and electrolyte imbalances in patients who have been ill with nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of hypokalemia?

    <p>Muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should patients taking thiazides avoid excessive consumption of licorice?

    <p>To prevent additive hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for monitoring the reduction of which of the following symptoms?

    <p>Fluid volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adverse effects should be monitored when using potassium-sparing diuretics?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for monitoring patients for drowsiness and lethargy?

    <p>To detect potential adverse effects of the medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary nursing implication for patients taking this medication?

    <p>Monitoring for adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse effect associated with the use of this medication?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the administration of thrombolytic drugs?

    <p>Treatment of deep vein thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial nursing implication for patients receiving thrombolytic therapy?

    <p>Monitoring for signs of internal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of thrombolytic drugs?

    <p>Dissolving blood clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of thrombolytic drugs?

    <p>Bleeding from gums and mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended administration of heparin therapy for deep vein thrombosis?

    <p>6000 units IV bolus followed by 20,000 units/day continuous infusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of diuretic drugs?

    <p>Hypertension, heart failure, and edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of taking small doses of aspirin or NSAIDs before niacin?

    <p>Minimize cutaneous flushing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the nephron in kidney function?

    <p>It is the main structural unit of the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of diuretic drugs?

    <p>They increase the rate of urine formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary nursing implication for patients taking niacin?

    <p>Teaching patients about the use of NSAIDs and aspirin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of niacin?

    <p>Cutaneous flushing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the kidneys in the body?

    <p>They filter toxic waste products and conserve essential substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic effect of diuretic drugs?

    <p>Removing sodium and water from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial nursing implication for patients taking diuretic drugs?

    <p>Instructing patients to report persistent GI upset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of diuretic drugs in the nephron?

    <p>They increase the excretion of sodium and water in the nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients be instructed to do if they miss a dose of their medication?

    <p>Contact their physician for instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should patients not crush or chew oral sustained-release preparations?

    <p>To prevent releasing the medication too quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients be monitored for when administering IV infusions with an IV pump?

    <p>QT interval prolongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients be taught to do when taking beta blockers, digoxin, and other drugs?

    <p>Take their radial pulse for 1 full minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a therapeutic response to monitor for in patients taking medication for hypertension?

    <p>Decreased edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of cryoprecipitate and plasma protein factors?

    <p>To treat patients with demonstrated deficiency of clotting factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between whole blood and packed red blood cells (PRBCs)?

    <p>Whole blood is more beneficial in cases of extreme blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of blood transfusion?

    <p>Transmission of pathogens to the recipient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of fresh-frozen plasma (FFP)?

    <p>To increase clotting factor levels in patients with demonstrated deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of crossmatch testing?

    <p>To identify incompatibility with the recipient's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum rate of IV potassium administration for patients who are not on cardiac monitors?

    <p>10 mEq/hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Esmolol?

    <p>Blocks beta1-adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When administering colloids, what should be closely monitored to prevent complications?

    <p>Fluid overload and heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Amiodarone?

    <p>Management of sustained ventricular tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method of administration for oral forms of potassium to minimize GI distress or irritation?

    <p>Dilution in water or fruit juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of Amiodarone?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of closely monitoring serum electrolyte levels during fluid therapy?

    <p>To detect potential complications of IV therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dosage of Esmolol typically used for?

    <p>Acute treatment of supraventricular tachydysrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary nursing implication for patients receiving fluid therapy?

    <p>Monitoring for therapeutic response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the class of Metoprolol?

    <p>Class II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining serum potassium level for hypokalemia?

    <p>less than 3.5 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause excessive potassium loss leading to hypokalemia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of hypokalemia in patients taking digoxin?

    <p>Ventricular dysrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining serum potassium level for hyperkalemia?

    <p>over 6.5 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of hyperkalemia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the physiological functions of potassium?

    <p>Muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of hypokalemia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause potassium loss, leading to hypokalemia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of hypokalemia?

    <p>Cardiac arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between potassium and heart function?

    <p>Potassium is necessary for heart contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of red blood cells that contains iron?

    <p>Heme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the formation of new blood cells?

    <p>Hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for immature red blood cells?

    <p>Reticulocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of anemia?

    <p>Underlying factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended timing for taking oral forms of iron?

    <p>Between meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should patients remain upright for 15 to 30 minutes after taking oral iron?

    <p>To avoid esophageal corrosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of giving a small test dose of iron dextran?

    <p>To check for potential allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method of administering iron dextran?

    <p>Deeply into a large muscle mass using the Z-track method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should patients be encouraged to eat foods high in iron and folic acid?

    <p>To improve nutritional status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of antacids on gastric acid secretions?

    <p>Neutralize acid secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of antacids in reducing pain associated with acid-related disorders?

    <p>Inhibiting the production of pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of antacids?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of antacids on the tone of the stomach lining?

    <p>Increase the tone of the stomach lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of antacids on the pH of the stomach?

    <p>Raise the pH of the stomach by 1.3 to 2.3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of H2 antagonists in elderly patients?

    <p>Confusion and disorientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following H2 antagonists is least likely to cause drug interactions due to its effect on the P-450 microsomal oxidase system?

    <p>Famotidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial nursing implication for patients taking H2 antagonists?

    <p>Educating patients about potential drug interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pharmacological effect of H2 antagonists on the stomach?

    <p>Suppressed acid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an indication for the use of H2 antagonists as adjunct therapy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of prokinetic drugs in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders?

    <p>Blocking dopamine receptors in the CTZ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of long-term use of metoclopramide?

    <p>Irreversible tardive dyskinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of tetrahydrocannabinoids in the treatment of nausea and vomiting?

    <p>Inhibiting the reticular formation, thalamus, and cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary nursing implication for patients taking ondansetron for postoperative nausea and vomiting?

    <p>Monitoring for signs of serotonin syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of dronabinol in patients with AIDS?

    <p>Treatment of anorexia and weight loss associated with AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of anticholinergic drugs in reducing nausea and vomiting?

    <p>Block transmission of nauseating stimuli from the reticular formation to the CTZ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of antihistamine drugs in motion sickness?

    <p>Prevention of cholinergic stimulation in vestibular and reticular areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential adverse effect of anticholinergic drugs in patients with COPD?

    <p>Dry mouth and blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of serotonin blockers in reducing nausea and vomiting?

    <p>Block serotonin receptors in the gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nursing implication for patients taking anticholinergic drugs?

    <p>Monitor for signs of anticholinergic syndrome, such as dry mouth and blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of adsorbents?

    <p>Increased bleeding time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drug interactions is associated with adsorbents?

    <p>Decreased absorption of many drugs, including digoxin and quinidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of probiotics in treating diarrhea?

    <p>Suppressing the growth of diarrhea-causing bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of anticholinergics?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an indication for the use of probiotics?

    <p>Antibiotic-induced diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for taking H2 receptor antagonists 1 to 2 hours before antacids?

    <p>To minimize the interaction between H2 blockers and antacids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of smoking in patients taking H2 blockers?

    <p>Decreased effectiveness of H2 blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key nursing implication for patients taking H2 antagonists?

    <p>Assess for allergies and impaired renal or liver function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of proton pump inhibitors?

    <p>Irreversibly binding to H+/K+ ATPase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of proton pump inhibitors on gastric acid secretion?

    <p>Temporarily block gastric acid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of long-term self-medication with antacids?

    <p>Masking symptoms of underlying diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adverse effects is associated with calcium-containing antacids?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of H2 receptor antagonists?

    <p>Competitively blocking the H2 receptor of acid-producing parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing implication for patients taking antacids?

    <p>Monitor for therapeutic response and notify the healthcare provider if symptoms are not relieved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drug interaction to consider when using H2 receptor antagonists?

    <p>Interaction with anticoagulant medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of patient education for those taking antacids?

    <p>To seek medical evaluation if symptoms remain ongoing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of H2 receptor antagonists in elderly patients?

    <p>Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of H2 receptor antagonists in the treatment of acid-related disorders?

    <p>To reduce the production of acid in the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing implication for patients taking calcium-containing antacids?

    <p>Monitor for constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using H2 receptor antagonists in the treatment of acid-related disorders?

    <p>Reducing the production of acid in the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of combining benzodiazepines with other sedatives or alcohol?

    <p>Additive CNS depression and even death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of alprazolam (Xanax)?

    <p>Short-term relief of anxiety symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of buspirone (Buspar) that distinguishes it from other benzodiazepines?

    <p>It lacks sedative properties and dependency potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of benzodiazepines?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of flumazenil (Romazicon) in treating benzodiazepine overdose?

    <p>Reversing the effects of benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of benzodiazepines in the brain?

    <p>Modulating CNS activity by inhibiting overstimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a benefit of benzodiazepines compared to barbiturates?

    <p>Less suppression of REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of benzodiazepines in older adults?

    <p>Fall hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a therapeutic use of benzodiazepines?

    <p>Treatment of acute seizure disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for the use of benzodiazepines?

    <p>Pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of anxiety disorders such as OCD and PTSD?

    <p>Unpleasant state of mind characterized by a sense of dread and fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of anxiety disorder?

    <p>Major depressive disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of anxiolytic medications such as Alprazolam?

    <p>Reducing overactivity in the central nervous system (CNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of midazolam on patients?

    <p>Sedation and amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of anxiolytic medications such as Diazepam?

    <p>Dependence and withdrawal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may enhance the effects of benzodiazepines?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anxiety disorders is characterized by recurring panic attacks?

    <p>Panic disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical onset of action for temazepam?

    <p>20-40 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended administration time for temazepam to ensure optimal effects?

    <p>1 hour prior to bedtime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the antidote for benzodiazepine overdose?

    <p>Flumazenil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common muscle relaxer that can cause marked sedation?

    <p>Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be obtained before administering muscle relaxants?

    <p>Allergy history and baseline vital signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended timing for administering hypnotics to induce sleep?

    <p>30 to 60 minutes before bedtime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary safety precaution when administering hypnotics to patients?

    <p>Keep side rails up or use bed alarms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of benzodiazepine use?

    <p>REM rebound and a tired feeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of antipsychotics in treating serious mental illness?

    <p>Blocking dopamine receptors in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a therapeutic outcome of antidepressants?

    <p>Improved sleep patterns and nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of antipsychotics in treating extreme mania?

    <p>As an adjunct to lithium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of dopamine receptor blockade in the brain?

    <p>Tranquilizing effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of antipsychotics beyond treating schizophrenia?

    <p>Treating autism and certain movement disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between conventional and second-generation antipsychotics?

    <p>Side effect profile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of patient education for those taking MAOIs?

    <p>Avoiding foods that interact with the medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a therapeutic outcome of antidepressant therapy?

    <p>Increased interest in daily activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of antipsychotics in treating drug-induced psychoses?

    <p>Blocking dopamine receptors in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use of antipsychotics in treating certain medical conditions?

    <p>Treating intractable hiccups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of action for muscle relaxants?

    <p>Central nervous system (CNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of muscle relaxants?

    <p>Euphoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for overdose of muscle relaxants?

    <p>Conservative supportive measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common indication for the use of muscle relaxants?

    <p>Relief of painful musculoskeletal conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential interaction of muscle relaxants with other medications?

    <p>Increased risk of respiratory depression with benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of anorexiants?

    <p>Headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of triptans in treating migraines?

    <p>Stimulation of 5-HT receptors in cerebral arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing implication for patients taking anorexiants?

    <p>Avoid caffeine and take in the morning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of migraines?

    <p>Unilateral pain that worsens with each pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential health risk associated with anorexiants?

    <p>Elevated blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of anorexiants such as benzphetamine and methamphetamine in treating obesity?

    <p>Suppressing appetite control centers in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of Orlistat (Xenical) that can be reduced by restricting dietary fat intake to less than 30% of total calories?

    <p>Oily spotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for the use of anorexiants in treating obesity?

    <p>Uncontrolled hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for using anorexiants in treating obesity?

    <p>To treat obesity in patients with higher health risks, such as cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using Orlistat (Xenical) over anorexiants in treating obesity?

    <p>Less risk of dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily fluid intake for patients taking antiparkinson drugs unless contraindicated?

    <p>3000 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should patients be cautioned against discontinuing antiparkinson drugs suddenly?

    <p>To avoid exacerbating parkinsonian manifestations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of taking levodopa with MAOIs?

    <p>Hypertensive crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a desirable outcome of antiparkinson drug therapy?

    <p>Increased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of monitoring patients taking antiparkinson drugs?

    <p>Evaluating response to therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of atomoxetine over amphetamine in the treatment of ADHD?

    <p>It lacks addictive properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of amphetamine drugs, particularly in patients with pre-existing cardiac conditions?

    <p>Dysrhythmias and hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential health risk associated with obesity that may be addressed through the use of amphetamine drugs?

    <p>Increased risk of cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing implication for patients taking atomoxetine for ADHD?

    <p>Monitoring for suicidal thinking and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of amphetamine drugs that may be particularly problematic in patients with certain gastrointestinal conditions?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the prescription of Methylphenidate?

    <p>ADHD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended timing for the last daily dose of Methylphenidate to reduce insomnia?

    <p>4 to 6 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of monitoring the child's physical growth, including height and weight, when taking Methylphenidate?

    <p>To ensure continued growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately what percentage of Americans are obese, according to the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention?

    <p>35%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended practice for parents to monitor the child's response to Methylphenidate therapy?

    <p>Keep a journal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Imbalance of dopamine and acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'wearing-off phenomenon' related to in Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Rapid swings in response to levodopa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 80% depletion of dopamine in the substantia nigra?

    <p>Symptoms of Parkinson's disease begin to appear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of having too much dopamine in Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Dyskinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of medication therapy in Parkinson's disease?

    <p>To control symptoms and improve quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of amphetamines in the CNS?

    <p>Increasing the effects of norepinephrine and dopamine by increasing their release and blocking their reuptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of modafinil in patients with narcolepsy?

    <p>Improvement of wakefulness in patients with excessive daytime sleepiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of CNS stimulants such as amphetamines?

    <p>Mood elevation or euphoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using non-stimulant drugs such as atomoxetine in patients with ADHD?

    <p>Fewer side effects compared to CNS stimulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential health risk associated with narcolepsy?

    <p>Increased risk of car accidents or near-misses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of non-stimulant drugs such as atomoxetine in treating ADHD?

    <p>Blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential nursing implication for patients taking CNS stimulants such as amphetamines?

    <p>Monitoring for signs of euphoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using CNS stimulants such as amphetamines in patients with ADHD?

    <p>Increased mental alertness and capacity for work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential health risk associated with ADHD?

    <p>Increased risk of obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between amphetamines and non-amphetamine stimulants?

    <p>Amphetamines work by increasing the release of norepinephrine and dopamine, while non-amphetamine stimulants work by blocking their reuptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of pain management in patients?

    <p>To reduce the pain to a tolerable level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial aspect of nursing implications for pain management?

    <p>Medicating patients before the pain becomes severe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of opioid analgesics?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of rating pain on a 0 to 10 scale?

    <p>To assess the severity of the pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important aspect of nonpharmacologic approaches to pain management?

    <p>Providing emotional support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for acetaminophen overdose?

    <p>Acetylcysteine regimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of topical lidocaine?

    <p>Pain management in postherpetic neuralgia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk associated with taking acetaminophen with other medications?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential component of a thorough pain assessment?

    <p>Pain intensity and character</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial nursing implication for patients taking analgesics?

    <p>Assessing for potential contraindications and drug interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why pain is a significant aspect of nursing care?

    <p>It leads to suffering and economic burden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the sensation of pain resulting from stimulation of sensory nerve fibers?

    <p>Nociception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the amount of pain a person can endure without it interfering with normal function?

    <p>Pain tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences the level of pain a person experiences?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of pain management in nursing care?

    <p>To reduce pain to a tolerable level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between somatic and visceral pain?

    <p>Somatic pain is felt in the skin and muscles, whereas visceral pain is felt in the internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the World Health Organization's three-step analgesic ladder?

    <p>To provide a step-by-step approach to pain management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon in which patients develop a tolerance to opioid medications?

    <p>Opioid tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adjuvant medications in pain management?

    <p>To enhance the analgesic effect of primary medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for pain that persists or recurs over a prolonged period of time?

    <p>Chronic pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following opioids is known for having a ceiling effect?

    <p>Pentazocine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using equianalgesic doses of different opioids?

    <p>To calculate the dosage of opioids for different routes of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of opioid analgesics?

    <p>Severe respiratory insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between physical dependence and psychologic dependence on opioids?

    <p>Physical dependence is a physiologic adaptation, while psychologic dependence is a pattern of compulsive drug use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse effect of opioids that can lead to respiratory depression?

    <p>CNS depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of acetaminophen in reducing pain and fever?

    <p>Inhibiting the production of prostaglandins in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following opioid analgesics is most commonly used as an antitussive drug?

    <p>Codeine sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of naloxone administration in cases of opioid overdose?

    <p>To reverse respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is associated with a risk of GI disturbance as a common adverse effect?

    <p>Codeine sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum daily dose of acetaminophen recommended for healthy adults?

    <p>3000 mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of ketorolac?

    <p>Short-term management of moderate to severe acute pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of allopurinol in managing gout?

    <p>Reducing the production of uric acid in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of NSAIDs?

    <p>Renal impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to assess for conditions that may be contraindications for NSAID use?

    <p>To prevent GI lesions or peptic ulcer disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of probenecid in managing gout?

    <p>Increasing the excretion of uric acid in the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of pain management in patients with gout?

    <p>To manage the symptoms of pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of colchicine?

    <p>Reducing the inflammatory response to urate crystals in joint tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing implication for patients taking NSAIDs?

    <p>Assessing for conditions that may be contraindications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse effect of colchicine?

    <p>Short-term leukopenia and bleeding into the GI or urinary tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of naproxen compared to ibuprofen?

    <p>Fewer drug interactions with ACE inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of proton pump inhibitors in long-term users?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drug interaction with proton pump inhibitors?

    <p>Increased risk of bleeding with warfarin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect when adsorbents are given with anticoagulants?

    <p>Prolonged bleeding time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nursing implication for patients taking proton pump inhibitors?

    <p>Assess for allergies and history of liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patients should be carefully monitored when administering anticholinergics?

    <p>Patients with a history of narrow-angle glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for the use of proton pump inhibitors?

    <p>Not all are available for parenteral administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial nursing implication for patients taking antidiarrheal medications?

    <p>Teaching patients to take medications exactly as prescribed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of proton pump inhibitors on the serum levels of other medications?

    <p>Increased serum levels of diazepam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for the administration of adsorbents?

    <p>Recent bowel surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be assessed before initiating treatment with antidiarrheal medications?

    <p>Patient's fluid volume status and mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the contraindication for crushing or chewing the granules of pantoprazole capsules?

    <p>Delayed-release granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of medication therapy in managing diarrhea?

    <p>Replenishing fluids and electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum gauge of NG tubes required for administering pantoprazole capsules?

    <p>16 gauge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of prolonged diarrhea?

    <p>Chronic weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended liquid for mixing the contents of pantoprazole capsules?

    <p>Apple juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why long-term use of metoclopramide may be a concern?

    <p>It can cause irreversible tardive dyskinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of tetrahydrocannabinoids in relieving nausea and vomiting?

    <p>Inhibitory effects on the reticular formation, thalamus, and cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of ondansetron?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting in patients receiving chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse effect of prokinetic drugs?

    <p>Non-selective blockade of various receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of dronabinol?

    <p>Treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of administering antacids with quinolones?

    <p>Reduced absorption of quinolones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patients should use antacids with high sodium content with caution?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should enteric-coated medications not be administered with antacids?

    <p>Antacids may cause premature dissolving of enteric-coated medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended administration instruction for chewable antacid tablets?

    <p>Chew thoroughly before swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of antacids on the absorption of basic drugs?

    <p>Increased absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of anticholinergics?

    <p>Urinary retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antidiarrheal drug can increase the risk of bleeding due to its binding to vitamin K?

    <p>Adsorbents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drug interaction with adsorbents?

    <p>Decreased absorption of many drugs, including digoxin and quinidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of opiates?

    <p>Respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of probiotics?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of magnesium salts in antacids?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of antacids?

    <p>Severe renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach for patients with renal disease when using antacids?

    <p>Use aluminum salts that are more easily excreted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using combination products like Gaviscon, Maalox, and Mylanta?

    <p>They combine aluminum and magnesium salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when using magnesium salts in patients with renal failure?

    <p>They may accumulate in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of antacids available over-the-counter?

    <p>Capsules and tablets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of aluminum salts in antacids?

    <p>They cause constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when using antacids in patients with GI obstruction?

    <p>They may stimulate GI motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration when using antacids in patients with electrolyte disturbances?

    <p>They may accumulate electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using antacids in combination with magnesium salts?

    <p>They counteract constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal when selecting an antiretroviral regimen?

    <p>To find the regimen that will best control the infection with a tolerable adverse effect profile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be assessed before beginning antiretroviral therapy?

    <p>Both the patient's underlying disease and medical history, including allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the patient be instructed to do when applying ointments or solutions to affected areas?

    <p>Wear a glove or finger cot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the patient be informed about antiviral drugs?

    <p>They help to manage symptoms but are not a cure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of assessing baseline vital signs and nutritional status?

    <p>To monitor the patient's response to therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the patient be instructed to do before taking any other medication?

    <p>Consult their physician</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of most antiviral drugs?

    <p>They block the activity of a polymerase enzyme that normally stimulates the synthesis of new viral genomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antiviral drugs is used to treat herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV)?

    <p>Acyclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of antiviral drugs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antiviral drugs is active against influenza types A and B?

    <p>Oseltamivir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of antiviral drug therapy for non-HIV viral infections?

    <p>To suppress the replication of the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to start antiviral drug therapy for influenza within 2 days of symptom onset?

    <p>To reduce the duration of illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses can be controlled by current antiviral therapy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of antiviral drugs?

    <p>They are able to enter cells infected with a virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between antiviral drugs and antiretroviral drugs?

    <p>Antiviral drugs are used to treat viral infections other than HIV, while antiretroviral drugs are used to treat HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for antiviral drugs to be effective?

    <p>A healthy immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections can occur in immunocompromised patients and require long-term prophylaxis and antiinfective drug therapy?

    <p>Opportunistic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are antiviral drugs less effective in immunocompromised patients?

    <p>Because the drugs do not work well with a compromised immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme system involved in the metabolism of many antifungal drugs?

    <p>Cytochrome P-450</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for monitoring vital signs and complete blood count in patients taking antifungal drugs?

    <p>To identify adverse effects of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended administration technique for nystatin oral lozenges or troches?

    <p>Dissolve slowly and completely in the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of monitoring input and output in patients receiving intravenous antifungal drug infusions?

    <p>To identify adverse effects of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of co-administering two antifungal drugs that are metabolized by the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system?

    <p>Increased risk of drug interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of monitoring patients taking antifungal drugs?

    <p>To identify adverse effects of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the use of oral vancomycin?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of quinolones?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended timing for taking interacting drugs with quinolones?

    <p>Take the interacting drugs at least 1 hour before or after taking quinolones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential interaction between quinolones and dairy products?

    <p>Decreased absorption of quinolones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when using vancomycin?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of red man syndrome associated with vancomycin?

    <p>Flushing or itching of the head, neck, face, and upper trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of cephalosporins?

    <p>Inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for the first generation of cephalosporins?

    <p>Susceptible staphylococcal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interaction between NSAIDs and warfarin?

    <p>Increased risk of bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of penicillins?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the oral contraceptive interaction with penicillins?

    <p>Decreased efficacy of oral contraceptives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between cephalosporins and penicillins?

    <p>Pharmacological structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial consideration when administering oral erythromycin?

    <p>Take with food to enhance absorption and minimize GI upset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential interaction to consider when using cephalosporins?

    <p>Cross-allergy with penicillins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of macrolides?

    <p>GI upset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial consideration when administering tetracyclines?

    <p>Avoid milk products, iron preparations, and antacids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of sulfonamides?

    <p>Lethargy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial consideration when administering penicillins?

    <p>Take with water to enhance effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of a therapeutic response to antibiotic therapy?

    <p>Decrease in specific signs and symptoms of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential interaction with tetracycline?

    <p>Quinolones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a genetic host factor that can affect antibiotic therapy?

    <p>Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin, and dapsone?

    <p>Hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of antibiotic that can interact with food?

    <p>Tetracyclines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of slow acetylation of certain antibiotics?

    <p>Toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

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