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Questions and Answers
Bromhexine is an example of a bronchodilator.
False
Mometasone is a type of mucolytic drug.
False
Acetylcysteine is used to relieve bronchospasms.
False
Salbutamol is a long-acting β-receptor agonist.
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Xanthine derivatives are used to dilate airways and increase airflow.
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Leukotriene antagonists are used to treat COPD.
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Ambroxol is a type of corticosteroid.
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Corticosteroids are used to relieve bronchospasms.
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Dextromethorphan is a non-opioid expectorant.
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Antihistamines are used to relieve cold symptoms, such as sneezing and runny nose.
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Guaifenesin is a type of antitussive.
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Phenylephrine is a type of decongestant that reduces congestion of nasal passages and increases drainage of sinuses.
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Codeine is an opioid antitussive that is commonly used in children.
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Loratadine is a type of decongestant.
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Expectorants are used to relieve productive coughs.
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Oxymetazoline is a type of antihistamine.
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Antitussive drugs are used to treat productive cough and help clear the airway.
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Mucolytics are drugs used to reduce nasal congestion.
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Expectorants are used to stop or reduce coughing.
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Decongestants are used to treat viral infections.
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Antihistamines are used to treat allergic reactions.
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Cough suppressants are used to treat productive cough.
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Non-productive cough is associated with bacterial infections.
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Mucolytics are used to treat lower respiratory tract disorders.
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Study Notes
Upper Respiratory Tract Disorders
- Inflammatory disorders: rhinitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, and common cold
- Viral or bacterial infections cause excessive mucus production and irritation of nasal mucosa
- Symptoms: sneeze and cough reflex, nasal congestion, and mucosal irritation
Cough Physiology
- Cough is a physiological and protective reflex to clear airways
- Can be a sign of disease, such as infections, asthma, or pulmonary tumors
- Two types of cough:
- Non-productive cough: viral infection, dry cough, no excessive mucus production, can be treated with cough suppressants
- Productive cough: bacterial infections, excessive mucus production, coughing helps clear airways, cough suppression is harmful
Antitussive Drugs
- Used to stop or reduce coughing, suppress cough reflex by direct action on the CNS
- Only used for non-productive cough, not for productive cough
- Examples: Corticosteroids (Beclomethasone, Mometasone, Flunisolide)
Mucolytic Drugs
- Reduce viscosity of sputum and respiratory secretions, making it easier to cough up
- Examples: Bromhexine, Ambroxol, Acetylcysteine, Carbocysteine
Lower Respiratory Tract Disorders
- COPD: progressive lung disease causing breathing problems, associated with lung inflammation
- Asthma: episodic obstruction of respiratory passage, characterized by wheezing, shortness of breath, and difficulty breathing
Antiasthma Drugs
- Bronchodilators:
- β-receptor agonists: Salbutamol, Terbutaline, Salmeterol, Formoterol
- Xanthine derivatives: Theophylline, Aminophylline
- Leukotriene antagonists: block leukotriene effects, preventing bronchospasm, inflammation, and mucus secretion
Expectorants
- Help remove mucus by stimulating secretory glands, loosening and thinning sputum
- Used in non-productive and chronic cough
- Examples: Guaifenesin, Potassium iodide
Histamines and Antihistamines
- Histamine: released in response to allergic reactions, causing histamine effects (congestion, runny nose, watery eyes)
- Antihistamines: bind to H1 histamine receptors, preventing histamine effects
- Used to relieve cold symptoms, perennial or seasonal allergic rhinitis, allergic reactions
- Examples: Diphenhydramine, Fexofenadine, Loratadine
Nasal Congestion and Decongestants
- Nasal congestion: dilation of nasal blood vessels, transudation of fluid into tissue spaces, and swelling of nasal cavity
- Causes: allergy, infection, inflammation
- Decongestants:
- Adrenergics: stimulate α-adrenergic receptors, causing vasoconstriction
- Examples: Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline, Phenylephrine
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Description
This quiz covers the types of antitussives, including opioids and non-opioids, and expectorants that help remove mucus from the respiratory tract. Learn about their mechanisms and uses in treating coughs.
