Antipsychotics and Psychosis

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Questions and Answers

What is the approximate percentage of the world population affected by schizophrenia?

0.5%

1.5% (correct)

2.5%

3.5%

What is the age range when symptoms of schizophrenia typically first appear?

25-45 years old

15-35 years old (correct)

10-20 years old

20-40 years old

What is the main neurotransmitter involved in the control of behavior and emotions in the limbic system?

Dopamine (correct)

Serotonin

Norepinephrine

GABA

What type of symptoms are delusions, behavior disturbance, and hallucinations?

Positive Symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a fixed false belief?

Delusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a lack of motivation and interest in activities?

Loss of Motivation Signup and view all the answers

How many types of schizophrenia are mentioned in the text?

4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the theory that explains the biochemical cause of schizophrenia?

Dopamine Hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of schizophrenia according to the atypical theory of psychosis?

Imbalance of dopamine and serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main target of traditional antipsychotic drugs?

Dopamine receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of histamine-1 receptor antagonism by phenothiazines?

Sedation Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of blocking all pathways of dopamine in the brain?

Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) and increased prolactin levels Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptor antagonism can cause urinary retention?

Muscarinic receptor antagonism Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of phenothiazine?

Tricyclic Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical configuration of a thioxanthene for optimal receptor affinity?

Z- (cis) configuration Signup and view all the answers

What is the essential feature of a fluorobutyrophenone for activity?

Tertiary nitrogen group at carbon 4 of the butyl Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of First-generation antipsychotics?

Blocking D2 receptors in the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the potency of chlorpromazine as a First-generation antipsychotic?

Low-potency Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Atypical antipsychotics that distinguishes them from conventional antipsychotics?

They block both D2 and 5-HT2 receptors in the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of Atypical antipsychotics over conventional antipsychotics?

They have fewer side effects, including no risk of extrapyramidal effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the FDA approval year of Clozapine (Clozaril®)?

1990 Signup and view all the answers

What is the available form of Olanzapine (Zyprexa®)?

In oral tablets, oral dissolving tablets, and intramuscular injection Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychosis and Schizophrenia

Psychosis is a condition in which a person isn't in contact with reality, affecting thinking, emotions, and behaviors.
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness affecting 1.5% of the world population, with symptoms appearing between 15-35 years old.

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Positive symptoms:
- Delusions (a fixed false belief)
- Behavior disturbance (Thought disorder + Disorganized speech)
- Hallucinations (hearing imaginary voices)
Negative symptoms:
- Loss of motivation and interest
- Impaired emotional responses
- Social withdrawal

Types of Schizophrenia

Paranoid
Disorganized
Catatonic
Residual

Biochemical Causes of Schizophrenia

Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: increased dopaminergic neurotransmission in the limbic system
Atypical theory of psychosis: imbalance of Dopamine & Serotonin in the brain

Typical (Traditional) Antipsychotics

Dopamine receptor antagonists with higher affinity for D2 over D1 receptors
Affect positive symptoms
Side effects:
- Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) & increased prolactin due to blocking all pathways of dopamine in the brain
- Antihistaminic effects leading to sedation
- Serotonergic receptor antagonism leading to weight gain
- Muscarinic receptor antagonism leading to urinary retention, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, sinus tachycardia, cognition, and memory effects
- Alpha-1-receptor antagonism leading to orthostatic hypotension and reflex tachycardia

Atypical (New) Antipsychotics

Block 5-HT2 receptors in the brain, in addition to dopamine receptors
Exert an effect upon both positive and negative symptoms
Fewer side effects than traditional antipsychotics
No risk of extrapyramidal effects
Examples: Clozapine (Clozaril), Olanzapine (Zyprexa)

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Description

This quiz covers antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia, a chronic mental illness that affects a person's perception of reality. Learn about the condition and its treatment.