22 Questions
What is the approximate percentage of the world population affected by schizophrenia?
1.5%
What is the age range when symptoms of schizophrenia typically first appear?
15-35 years old
What is the main neurotransmitter involved in the control of behavior and emotions in the limbic system?
Dopamine
What type of symptoms are delusions, behavior disturbance, and hallucinations?
Positive Symptoms
What is the term for a fixed false belief?
Delusion
What is the term for a lack of motivation and interest in activities?
Loss of Motivation
How many types of schizophrenia are mentioned in the text?
4
What is the name of the theory that explains the biochemical cause of schizophrenia?
Dopamine Hypothesis
What is the primary cause of schizophrenia according to the atypical theory of psychosis?
Imbalance of dopamine and serotonin
What is the main target of traditional antipsychotic drugs?
Dopamine receptors
What is the effect of histamine-1 receptor antagonism by phenothiazines?
Sedation
What is the result of blocking all pathways of dopamine in the brain?
Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) and increased prolactin levels
What type of receptor antagonism can cause urinary retention?
Muscarinic receptor antagonism
What is the structure of phenothiazine?
Tricyclic
What is the typical configuration of a thioxanthene for optimal receptor affinity?
Z- (cis) configuration
What is the essential feature of a fluorobutyrophenone for activity?
Tertiary nitrogen group at carbon 4 of the butyl
What is the primary mechanism of action of First-generation antipsychotics?
Blocking D2 receptors in the brain
What is the potency of chlorpromazine as a First-generation antipsychotic?
Low-potency
What is the characteristic of Atypical antipsychotics that distinguishes them from conventional antipsychotics?
They block both D2 and 5-HT2 receptors in the brain
What is the advantage of Atypical antipsychotics over conventional antipsychotics?
They have fewer side effects, including no risk of extrapyramidal effects
What is the FDA approval year of Clozapine (Clozaril®)?
1990
What is the available form of Olanzapine (Zyprexa®)?
In oral tablets, oral dissolving tablets, and intramuscular injection
Study Notes
Psychosis and Schizophrenia
- Psychosis is a condition in which a person isn't in contact with reality, affecting thinking, emotions, and behaviors.
- Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness affecting 1.5% of the world population, with symptoms appearing between 15-35 years old.
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
- Positive symptoms:
- Delusions (a fixed false belief)
- Behavior disturbance (Thought disorder + Disorganized speech)
- Hallucinations (hearing imaginary voices)
- Negative symptoms:
- Loss of motivation and interest
- Impaired emotional responses
- Social withdrawal
Types of Schizophrenia
- Paranoid
- Disorganized
- Catatonic
- Residual
Biochemical Causes of Schizophrenia
- Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: increased dopaminergic neurotransmission in the limbic system
- Atypical theory of psychosis: imbalance of Dopamine & Serotonin in the brain
Typical (Traditional) Antipsychotics
- Dopamine receptor antagonists with higher affinity for D2 over D1 receptors
- Affect positive symptoms
- Side effects:
- Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) & increased prolactin due to blocking all pathways of dopamine in the brain
- Antihistaminic effects leading to sedation
- Serotonergic receptor antagonism leading to weight gain
- Muscarinic receptor antagonism leading to urinary retention, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, sinus tachycardia, cognition, and memory effects
- Alpha-1-receptor antagonism leading to orthostatic hypotension and reflex tachycardia
Atypical (New) Antipsychotics
- Block 5-HT2 receptors in the brain, in addition to dopamine receptors
- Exert an effect upon both positive and negative symptoms
- Fewer side effects than traditional antipsychotics
- No risk of extrapyramidal effects
- Examples: Clozapine (Clozaril), Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
This quiz covers antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia, a chronic mental illness that affects a person's perception of reality. Learn about the condition and its treatment.
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