Antipsychotics and Antidepressants Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following most accurately describes the primary mechanism of action for first-generation antipsychotics?

  • Blocking dopamine D2 receptors (correct)
  • Blocking serotonin receptors
  • Enhancing glutamate activity
  • Inhibiting norepinephrine uptake

What is a common adverse effect associated with second-generation antipsychotics that is less frequently seen with first-generation antipsychotics?

  • Weight gain (correct)
  • Parkinsonism
  • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
  • Dystonia

What is the most serious potential side effect associated with clozapine that requires regular monitoring?

  • Agranulocytosis (correct)
  • Tardive dyskinesia
  • Photosensitivity
  • Sedation

Which of the following is considered an adverse effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)?

<p>CNS stimulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antidepressants typically shows initial improvement in 1-8 weeks but may take up to 12 weeks for maximum response?

<p>Fluoxetine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which extrapyramidal symptom is characterized by an inability to sit still and can occur within days to weeks of starting treatment?

<p>Akathisia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What risk should be carefully weighed when prescribing pharmacotherapy to pregnant patients?

<p>Possible neonatal withdrawal symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mood stabilizer is typically used to prevent manic and depressive episodes in patients with bipolar disorder?

<p>Divalproex Sodium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is specifically related to first-generation antipsychotics and can occur months to years after treatment initiation?

<p>Involuntary movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antidepressants is known for similar efficacy as SSRIs but has specific dietary restrictions due to the risk of hypertensive crisis?

<p>Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with muscle action and memory?

<p>Acetylcholine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the resting potential of a neuron?

<p>The internal environment is more negative than the external environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs first when an action potential reaches the axon terminal?

<p>Calcium channels open. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common positive symptom of schizophrenia?

<p>Hallucinations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a characteristic of Major Depressive Disorder?

<p>Feelings of hopelessness and persistent sadness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in mood regulation and is typically inhibitory?

<p>Serotonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which mood disorder do individuals experience alternating periods of manic and depressive states?

<p>Bipolar Disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glutamate in the nervous system?

<p>Facilitate learning and memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with feelings of pleasure and reward?

<p>Dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

<p>Recurrent obsessions leading to compulsions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

First-generation antipsychotics (FGAs)

A class of antipsychotic medications introduced in the 1960s, primarily blocking dopamine D2 receptors to treat psychosis.

Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)

Unwanted movement or muscle-related side effects caused by antipsychotic drugs.

Akathisia

A restlessness and inability to sit still, a type of EPS caused by antipsychotic medications.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)

A serious, potentially life-threatening side effect of antipsychotics characterized by fever, muscle rigidity, and altered mental status.

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Antidepressants

Medications used to treat depression, with varied mechanisms of action.

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Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs)

Antipsychotic medications introduced in the 1980s, generally causing fewer extrapyramidal side effects.

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Metabolic side effects of SGAs

Potential adverse effects of SGAs, including weight gain, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.

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Mood stabilizers

Medications used to prevent mood swings and treat conditions like bipolar disorder.

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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

A class of antidepressants with potential severe side effects, requiring careful monitoring.

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Pregnancy Considerations

Potential risks and complications of using medications during pregnancy, especially with antipsychotics including neonatal abstinence syndrome and possible withdrawal symptoms.

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Neuron function

Neurons transmit signals to other cells, using electrical impulses

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Resting potential

The neuron's internal environment is more negative than the external environment when not transmitting a signal.

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Synapse

The gap between neurons where neurotransmitters carry signals.

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Neurotransmitter

Chemical messengers, that carry signals across a synapse.

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Neurotransmitter step 1

Neurotransmitter is made and stored in vesicles.

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Schizophrenia: Positive Symptom

Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and abnormal motor behavior.

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Schizophrenia: Etiology factor

The cause of schizophrenia involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

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Major Depressive Disorder

Persistent sadness, loss of interest, feelings of hopelessness, changes in sleep and appetite.

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Bipolar disorder

Alternating periods of mania and depression.

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GABA function

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, calms the brain.

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Study Notes

First-Generation Antipsychotics (FGAs)

  • Primarily work by blocking dopamine D2 receptors
  • Used to treat schizophrenia and related disorders
  • Potentially cause side effects such as:
    • Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)
      • Akathisia, parkinsonism, dystonia, tardive dyskinesia
    • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
    • Endocrine effects (e.g., galactorrhea, menstrual irregularities)
    • Cardiovascular effects (e.g., orthostatic hypotension)
    • Metabolic effects (e.g., weight gain, dyslipidemia)
    • Several additional side effects

Second-Generation Antipsychotics (SGAs)

  • Often have a lower risk of EPS compared to FGAs
  • May be more effective in treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia
  • Potentially cause side effects such as:
    • Metabolic effects (e.g., weight gain, dyslipidemia)
    • Increased risk of diabetes
    • Sexual dysfunction

Antidepressants

  • May take several weeks to show effects
  • Different classes with varying mechanisms of action
  • Potentially cause side effects such as:
    • Nausea/vomiting
    • Sexual dysfunction
    • Weight gain/loss
    • Sleep disturbances
    • Serotonin syndrome
    • Anticholinergic effects (e.g., dry mouth, constipation)

Mood Stabilizers

  • Used to treat bipolar disorder and other mood disorders
  • Examples include: lithium and valproate
  • Potentially cause side effects such as:
    • Gastrointestinal problems (e.g., nausea, diarrhea)
    • Tremor
    • Weight changes
    • Renal problems
    • Thyroid problems

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Description

Explore the key differences between first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics, including their mechanisms of action and side effects. Additionally, learn about antidepressants and their onset of effects. This quiz will enhance your understanding of these important mental health medications.

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