Antiprotozoal Drugs Overview Quiz

Anti-protozoal drugs are used for the treatment of: Amebiasis, Malaria, Trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis, Toxoplasmosis, and ______

Amebiasis (amebic dysentery) is an infection of the intestinal tract caused by ______

Diagnosis is established by isolating E. histolytica from ______

Therapeutic agents for amebiasis are classified according to the site of action as: Luminal amebicides act on the parasite in the ______ of the bowel

Systemic amebicides are effective against amebas in the intestinal wall and ______

Mixed amebicides are effective against both the luminal and systemic forms of the ______

Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole, and it is the mixed amebicide of choice for treating amebic infections. It is usually administered with a luminal amebicide, such as iodoquinol or ______.

Metronidazole is also used in the treatment of infections caused by Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, anaerobic cocci, and anaerobic gram-negative bacilli. It is the drug of choice for the treatment of pseudomembranous colitis caused by the anaerobic Clostridium difficile. Metronidazole is a prodrug that is reduced intracellularly by the anaerobic bacteria to its active form. This reduced cytotoxic compounds bind to proteins and DNA, inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis resulting in death of the E. histolytica ______.

Resistance to metronidazole is not a therapeutic problem for ______.

Metronidazole is completely and rapidly absorbed after oral administration and therapeutic levels can be found in vaginal and seminal fluids, saliva, breast milk, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The drug accumulates in patients with severe hepatic disease. The parent drug and its metabolites are excreted in the ______.

The adverse effects of metronidazole include nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, abdominal cramps, unpleasant metallic taste, yeast infection of the mouth, and rarely, ______ (dizziness, vertigo, and numbness or paresthesia), which may necessitate drug discontinuation.

Tinidazole is a second-generation nitroimidazole that is similar to metronidazole in spectrum of activity, absorption, adverse effects, and drug interactions. It is used for treatment of amebiasis, amebic liver abscess, giardiasis, and ______.

Tinidazole is as effective as metronidazole, with a shorter course of treatment, but it is more expensive. Alcohol consumption should be avoided during ______.

A luminal agent, such as iodoquinol, diloxanide furoate, paromomycin, should be administered for treatment of the asymptomatic colonization state after treatment of invasive intestinal or extra-intestinal amebic disease is complete. This is categorized under ______ amebicides.

Iodoquinol, a halogenated 8-hydroxyquinolone, is amebicidal against E. histolytica and is effective against the luminal trophozoite and ______ forms.

Adverse effects of iodoquinol include rash, diarrhea, and dose-related peripheral neuropathy, including a rare ______.

Anti-protozoal drugs

Amebiasis

Diagnosis of amebiasis

Luminal amebicides

Systemic amebicides

Mixed amebicides

Metronidazole

Metronidazole absorption

Adverse effects of metronidazole

Tinidazole

Luminal agents

Iodoquinol

Adverse effects of iodoquinol

Giardiasis

Therapeutic action sites

Resistance to metronidazole