Antimicrobial Therapy Essentials
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Questions and Answers

What is the main consideration for selective toxicity of an antimicrobial drug?

  • Antibiotic Resistance
  • Molecule size
  • Tissue penetration
  • Safety profile (correct)

    • What does the term 'spectrum' refer to in relation to antimicrobial drugs?

  • Tissue penetration of the drug
  • Microbes targeted by the drug (correct)
  • Molecule size of the drug
  • Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

    • In the context of antimicrobial therapy, what does 'empiric treatment' involve?

  • Treatment before the specific microbe is identified (correct)
  • Treatment based on safety profile
  • Treatment based on tissue penetration
  • Treatment based on resistance patterns

    • What can antibiotic resistance occur via in bacteria?

    <p>Vertical gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the factors influencing tissue penetration of an antibiotic?

    <p>Molecule size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the limited options for severe, life-threatening infections in the context of antimicrobial therapy?

    <p>Overprescribing leading to surge in resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

    <p>The drug concentration that inhibits a microbe's growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs rely on the host defenses to kill the bacteria?

    <p>Bacteriostatic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of natural penicillins?

    <p>Inhibition of cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is considered the treatment of choice in syphilis?

    <p>Penicillin G</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the activity of antipseudomonal penicillins?

    <p>Activity against Pseudomonas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common adverse effect of penicillins?

    <p>Gastrointestinal side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is known as an extended-spectrum penicillin?

    <p>Piperacillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do beta-lactamase inhibitors do when combined with penicillins?

    <p>Inhibit the action of penicillins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among patients with a positive skin test to penicillin, what percentage are at risk for cross-reactivity with cephalosporins according to more recent observational studies?

    <p>0.17%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consideration for tissue penetration of an antibiotic?

    <p>Molecule size and presence of blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can antibiotic resistance occur in bacteria?

    <p>Via acquired resistance and vertical gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does the term 'spectrum' refer to in relation to antimicrobial drugs?

    <p>The microbes the antibiotic will target</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of antimicrobial therapy, what does 'empiric treatment' involve?

    <p>Treatment based on the presumption of likely pathogen and cost consideration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the limited options for severe, life-threatening infections in the context of antimicrobial therapy?

    <p>Overprescribing and acquired resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the factors influencing selective toxicity of an antimicrobial drug?

    <p>Changes in enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

    <p>The lowest drug concentration that inhibits a microbe's growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bacteriostatic drugs differ from bactericidal drugs?

    <p>Bacteriostatic drugs inhibit bacterial growth, while bactericidal drugs rely on host defenses to kill the bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of natural penicillins?

    <p>Inhibition of cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consideration for selective toxicity of an antimicrobial drug?

    <p>Alteration of cell membrane function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the limited options for severe, life-threatening infections in the context of antimicrobial therapy?

    <p>Antimicrobial resistance and drug reactions/allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is known as an extended-spectrum penicillin?

    <p>Piperacillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'spectrum' refer to in relation to antimicrobial drugs?

    <p>The range of bacteria against which an antimicrobial agent is effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of antimicrobial therapy, what does 'empiric treatment' involve?

    <p>Administering antimicrobials without performing susceptibility testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can antibiotic resistance occur via in bacteria?

    <p>Altered Binding Sites (e.g., MRSA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the factors influencing tissue penetration of an antibiotic?

    <p>Alteration of cell membrane function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common adverse effect of penicillins?

    <p>Gastrointestinal side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is most active against Pseudomonas?

    <p>Tobramycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is taken orally as a bowel decontaminant and used topically?

    <p>Neomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is most commonly used for meningitis in infants?

    <p>Streptomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is less resistant and used to monitor increased plasma levels of toxins?

    <p>Amikacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adverse effect of isoniazid (vitamin B6 deficiency)?

    <p>Peripheral neuritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anti-tuberculous drug is contraindicated in pregnancy due to its vestibular and otoxic effects?

    <p>Streptomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main adverse effect of pyrazinamide?

    <p>Gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anti-tuberculous drug is the only bacteriostatic first-line drug?

    <p>Ethambutol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of polyene antifungal agents?

    <p>Causes depolarization of the fungal cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antifungal agent penetrates the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Flucytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of azole antifungal agents?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antifungal agent is used for dermatophytosis of the skin, hair, and nails?

    <p>Terbinafine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant side effect associated with itraconazole and fluconazole (Triazoles)?

    <p>Elevated LFTs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antifungal agent is used for oral thrush and candida esophagitis?

    <p>Nystatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common adverse effect of Streptomycin?

    <p>Vestibular and otoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Ethambutol?

    <p>Crosses BBB causing ocular toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the adverse effects associated with minocycline?

    <p>Dental discoloration and enamel hypoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic should not be taken with dairy products?

    <p>Tetracycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is used in combination regimens for H. pylori?

    <p>Clarithromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spectrum of activity of macrolides such as erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin?

    <p>Gram-positive cocci only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is unrelated to other antibiotics and is used topically for acne and bacterial vaginosis?

    <p>Clindamycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis via inhibition of DNA topoisomerases?

    <p>Ciprofloxacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the uses of daptomycin?

    <p>Uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections caused by MRSA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the adverse effects associated with antifolate drugs like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)?

    <p>Crystalluria and hemolytic anemia in patients with G6PD deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is used to treat urinary tract infections, sinusitis, bronchitis, and MRSA?

    <p>Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of mupirocin (Bactroban)?

    <p>Inhibition of protein synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What antibiotic is known to cause prolongation of the QT interval and has been associated with a small increase in cardiovascular deaths in those with pre-existing cardiac disease?

    <p>Clarithromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

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