59 Questions
What is the main consideration for selective toxicity of an antimicrobial drug?
Safety profile
What does the term 'spectrum' refer to in relation to antimicrobial drugs?
Microbes targeted by the drug
In the context of antimicrobial therapy, what does 'empiric treatment' involve?
Treatment before the specific microbe is identified
What can antibiotic resistance occur via in bacteria?
Vertical gene transfer
What is one of the factors influencing tissue penetration of an antibiotic?
Molecule size
What contributes to the limited options for severe, life-threatening infections in the context of antimicrobial therapy?
Overprescribing leading to surge in resistance
What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)?
The drug concentration that inhibits a microbe's growth
Which type of drugs rely on the host defenses to kill the bacteria?
Bacteriostatic drugs
What is the mechanism of action of natural penicillins?
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Which drug is considered the treatment of choice in syphilis?
Penicillin G
What is the activity of antipseudomonal penicillins?
Activity against Pseudomonas
What is the most common adverse effect of penicillins?
Gastrointestinal side effects
Which drug is known as an extended-spectrum penicillin?
Piperacillin
What do beta-lactamase inhibitors do when combined with penicillins?
Inhibit the action of penicillins
Among patients with a positive skin test to penicillin, what percentage are at risk for cross-reactivity with cephalosporins according to more recent observational studies?
0.17%
What is the main consideration for tissue penetration of an antibiotic?
Molecule size and presence of blood supply
How can antibiotic resistance occur in bacteria?
Via acquired resistance and vertical gene transfer
What aspect does the term 'spectrum' refer to in relation to antimicrobial drugs?
The microbes the antibiotic will target
In the context of antimicrobial therapy, what does 'empiric treatment' involve?
Treatment based on the presumption of likely pathogen and cost consideration
What contributes to the limited options for severe, life-threatening infections in the context of antimicrobial therapy?
Overprescribing and acquired resistance
What is one of the factors influencing selective toxicity of an antimicrobial drug?
Changes in enzymes
What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)?
The lowest drug concentration that inhibits a microbe's growth
How do bacteriostatic drugs differ from bactericidal drugs?
Bacteriostatic drugs inhibit bacterial growth, while bactericidal drugs rely on host defenses to kill the bacteria
What is the mechanism of action of natural penicillins?
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
What is the main consideration for selective toxicity of an antimicrobial drug?
Alteration of cell membrane function
What contributes to the limited options for severe, life-threatening infections in the context of antimicrobial therapy?
Antimicrobial resistance and drug reactions/allergies
Which drug is known as an extended-spectrum penicillin?
Piperacillin
What does the term 'spectrum' refer to in relation to antimicrobial drugs?
The range of bacteria against which an antimicrobial agent is effective
In the context of antimicrobial therapy, what does 'empiric treatment' involve?
Administering antimicrobials without performing susceptibility testing
What can antibiotic resistance occur via in bacteria?
Altered Binding Sites (e.g., MRSA)
What is one of the factors influencing tissue penetration of an antibiotic?
Alteration of cell membrane function
What is the most common adverse effect of penicillins?
Gastrointestinal side effects
Which of the following antibiotics is most active against Pseudomonas?
Tobramycin
Which antibiotic is taken orally as a bowel decontaminant and used topically?
Neomycin
Which antibiotic is most commonly used for meningitis in infants?
Streptomycin
Which antibiotic is less resistant and used to monitor increased plasma levels of toxins?
Amikacin
What is the adverse effect of isoniazid (vitamin B6 deficiency)?
Peripheral neuritis
Which anti-tuberculous drug is contraindicated in pregnancy due to its vestibular and otoxic effects?
Streptomycin
What is the main adverse effect of pyrazinamide?
Gout
Which anti-tuberculous drug is the only bacteriostatic first-line drug?
Ethambutol
What is the mechanism of action of polyene antifungal agents?
Causes depolarization of the fungal cell membrane
Which antifungal agent penetrates the central nervous system (CNS)?
Flucytosine
What is a common adverse effect of azole antifungal agents?
Hepatotoxicity
Which antifungal agent is used for dermatophytosis of the skin, hair, and nails?
Terbinafine
What is the most significant side effect associated with itraconazole and fluconazole (Triazoles)?
Elevated LFTs
Which antifungal agent is used for oral thrush and candida esophagitis?
Nystatin
What is the common adverse effect of Streptomycin?
Vestibular and otoxicity
What is the primary mechanism of action of Ethambutol?
Crosses BBB causing ocular toxicity
What are the adverse effects associated with minocycline?
Dental discoloration and enamel hypoplasia
Which antibiotic should not be taken with dairy products?
Tetracycline
Which antibiotic is used in combination regimens for H. pylori?
Clarithromycin
What is the spectrum of activity of macrolides such as erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin?
Gram-positive cocci only
Which antibiotic is unrelated to other antibiotics and is used topically for acne and bacterial vaginosis?
Clindamycin
Which antibiotic inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis via inhibition of DNA topoisomerases?
Ciprofloxacin
What are the uses of daptomycin?
Uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections caused by MRSA
What are the adverse effects associated with antifolate drugs like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)?
Crystalluria and hemolytic anemia in patients with G6PD deficiency
Which antibiotic is used to treat urinary tract infections, sinusitis, bronchitis, and MRSA?
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
What is the mechanism of action of mupirocin (Bactroban)?
Inhibition of protein synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus
What antibiotic is known to cause prolongation of the QT interval and has been associated with a small increase in cardiovascular deaths in those with pre-existing cardiac disease?
Clarithromycin
Test your knowledge about antimicrobial therapy essentials including selective toxicity, safety profile, spectrum, tissue penetration, resistance patterns, and cost. Explore the importance of these factors in guiding empiric treatment for infections.
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