Antimicrobial Therapy Essentials

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What is the main consideration for selective toxicity of an antimicrobial drug?

Antibiotic Resistance

Molecule size

Tissue penetration

Safety profile (correct)

What does the term 'spectrum' refer to in relation to antimicrobial drugs?

Tissue penetration of the drug

Microbes targeted by the drug (correct)

Molecule size of the drug

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

In the context of antimicrobial therapy, what does 'empiric treatment' involve?

Treatment before the specific microbe is identified (correct)

Treatment based on safety profile

Treatment based on tissue penetration

Treatment based on resistance patterns

What can antibiotic resistance occur via in bacteria?

Vertical gene transfer Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the factors influencing tissue penetration of an antibiotic?

Molecule size Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the limited options for severe, life-threatening infections in the context of antimicrobial therapy?

Overprescribing leading to surge in resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

The drug concentration that inhibits a microbe's growth Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drugs rely on the host defenses to kill the bacteria?

Bacteriostatic drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of natural penicillins?

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is considered the treatment of choice in syphilis?

Penicillin G Signup and view all the answers

What is the activity of antipseudomonal penicillins?

Activity against Pseudomonas Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common adverse effect of penicillins?

Gastrointestinal side effects Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is known as an extended-spectrum penicillin?

Piperacillin Signup and view all the answers

What do beta-lactamase inhibitors do when combined with penicillins?

Inhibit the action of penicillins Signup and view all the answers

Among patients with a positive skin test to penicillin, what percentage are at risk for cross-reactivity with cephalosporins according to more recent observational studies?

0.17% Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consideration for tissue penetration of an antibiotic?

Molecule size and presence of blood supply Signup and view all the answers

How can antibiotic resistance occur in bacteria?

Via acquired resistance and vertical gene transfer Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the term 'spectrum' refer to in relation to antimicrobial drugs?

The microbes the antibiotic will target Signup and view all the answers

In the context of antimicrobial therapy, what does 'empiric treatment' involve?

Treatment based on the presumption of likely pathogen and cost consideration Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the limited options for severe, life-threatening infections in the context of antimicrobial therapy?

Overprescribing and acquired resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the factors influencing selective toxicity of an antimicrobial drug?

Changes in enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

The lowest drug concentration that inhibits a microbe's growth Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteriostatic drugs differ from bactericidal drugs?

Bacteriostatic drugs inhibit bacterial growth, while bactericidal drugs rely on host defenses to kill the bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of natural penicillins?

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consideration for selective toxicity of an antimicrobial drug?

Alteration of cell membrane function Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the limited options for severe, life-threatening infections in the context of antimicrobial therapy?

Antimicrobial resistance and drug reactions/allergies Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is known as an extended-spectrum penicillin?

Piperacillin Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'spectrum' refer to in relation to antimicrobial drugs?

The range of bacteria against which an antimicrobial agent is effective Signup and view all the answers

In the context of antimicrobial therapy, what does 'empiric treatment' involve?

Administering antimicrobials without performing susceptibility testing Signup and view all the answers

What can antibiotic resistance occur via in bacteria?

Altered Binding Sites (e.g., MRSA) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the factors influencing tissue penetration of an antibiotic?

Alteration of cell membrane function Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common adverse effect of penicillins?

Gastrointestinal side effects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is most active against Pseudomonas?

Tobramycin Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is taken orally as a bowel decontaminant and used topically?

Neomycin Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is most commonly used for meningitis in infants?

Streptomycin Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is less resistant and used to monitor increased plasma levels of toxins?

Amikacin Signup and view all the answers

What is the adverse effect of isoniazid (vitamin B6 deficiency)?

Peripheral neuritis Signup and view all the answers

Which anti-tuberculous drug is contraindicated in pregnancy due to its vestibular and otoxic effects?

Streptomycin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main adverse effect of pyrazinamide?

Gout Signup and view all the answers

Which anti-tuberculous drug is the only bacteriostatic first-line drug?

Ethambutol Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of polyene antifungal agents?

Causes depolarization of the fungal cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which antifungal agent penetrates the central nervous system (CNS)?

Flucytosine Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of azole antifungal agents?

Hepatotoxicity Signup and view all the answers

Which antifungal agent is used for dermatophytosis of the skin, hair, and nails?

Terbinafine Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant side effect associated with itraconazole and fluconazole (Triazoles)?

Elevated LFTs Signup and view all the answers

Which antifungal agent is used for oral thrush and candida esophagitis?

Nystatin Signup and view all the answers

What is the common adverse effect of Streptomycin?

Vestibular and otoxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Ethambutol?

Crosses BBB causing ocular toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What are the adverse effects associated with minocycline?

Dental discoloration and enamel hypoplasia Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic should not be taken with dairy products?

Tetracycline Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is used in combination regimens for H. pylori?

Clarithromycin Signup and view all the answers

What is the spectrum of activity of macrolides such as erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin?

Gram-positive cocci only Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is unrelated to other antibiotics and is used topically for acne and bacterial vaginosis?

Clindamycin Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis via inhibition of DNA topoisomerases?

Ciprofloxacin Signup and view all the answers

What are the uses of daptomycin?

Uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections caused by MRSA Signup and view all the answers

What are the adverse effects associated with antifolate drugs like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)?

Crystalluria and hemolytic anemia in patients with G6PD deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is used to treat urinary tract infections, sinusitis, bronchitis, and MRSA?

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of mupirocin (Bactroban)?

Inhibition of protein synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus Signup and view all the answers

What antibiotic is known to cause prolongation of the QT interval and has been associated with a small increase in cardiovascular deaths in those with pre-existing cardiac disease?

Clarithromycin Signup and view all the answers

Antimicrobial Therapy Essentials

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Questions and Answers

What is the main consideration for selective toxicity of an antimicrobial drug?

What does the term 'spectrum' refer to in relation to antimicrobial drugs?

In the context of antimicrobial therapy, what does 'empiric treatment' involve?

What can antibiotic resistance occur via in bacteria?

What is one of the factors influencing tissue penetration of an antibiotic?

What contributes to the limited options for severe, life-threatening infections in the context of antimicrobial therapy?

What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

Which type of drugs rely on the host defenses to kill the bacteria?

What is the mechanism of action of natural penicillins?

Which drug is considered the treatment of choice in syphilis?

What is the activity of antipseudomonal penicillins?

What is the most common adverse effect of penicillins?

Which drug is known as an extended-spectrum penicillin?

What do beta-lactamase inhibitors do when combined with penicillins?

Among patients with a positive skin test to penicillin, what percentage are at risk for cross-reactivity with cephalosporins according to more recent observational studies?

What is the main consideration for tissue penetration of an antibiotic?

How can antibiotic resistance occur in bacteria?

What aspect does the term 'spectrum' refer to in relation to antimicrobial drugs?

In the context of antimicrobial therapy, what does 'empiric treatment' involve?

What contributes to the limited options for severe, life-threatening infections in the context of antimicrobial therapy?

What is one of the factors influencing selective toxicity of an antimicrobial drug?

What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

How do bacteriostatic drugs differ from bactericidal drugs?

What is the mechanism of action of natural penicillins?

What is the main consideration for selective toxicity of an antimicrobial drug?

What contributes to the limited options for severe, life-threatening infections in the context of antimicrobial therapy?

Which drug is known as an extended-spectrum penicillin?

What does the term 'spectrum' refer to in relation to antimicrobial drugs?

In the context of antimicrobial therapy, what does 'empiric treatment' involve?

What can antibiotic resistance occur via in bacteria?

What is one of the factors influencing tissue penetration of an antibiotic?

What is the most common adverse effect of penicillins?

Which of the following antibiotics is most active against Pseudomonas?

Which antibiotic is taken orally as a bowel decontaminant and used topically?

Which antibiotic is most commonly used for meningitis in infants?

Which antibiotic is less resistant and used to monitor increased plasma levels of toxins?

What is the adverse effect of isoniazid (vitamin B6 deficiency)?

Which anti-tuberculous drug is contraindicated in pregnancy due to its vestibular and otoxic effects?

What is the main adverse effect of pyrazinamide?

Which anti-tuberculous drug is the only bacteriostatic first-line drug?

What is the mechanism of action of polyene antifungal agents?

Which antifungal agent penetrates the central nervous system (CNS)?

What is a common adverse effect of azole antifungal agents?

Which antifungal agent is used for dermatophytosis of the skin, hair, and nails?

What is the most significant side effect associated with itraconazole and fluconazole (Triazoles)?

Which antifungal agent is used for oral thrush and candida esophagitis?

What is the common adverse effect of Streptomycin?

What is the primary mechanism of action of Ethambutol?

What are the adverse effects associated with minocycline?

Which antibiotic should not be taken with dairy products?

Which antibiotic is used in combination regimens for H. pylori?

What is the spectrum of activity of macrolides such as erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin?

Which antibiotic is unrelated to other antibiotics and is used topically for acne and bacterial vaginosis?

Which antibiotic inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis via inhibition of DNA topoisomerases?

What are the uses of daptomycin?

What are the adverse effects associated with antifolate drugs like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)?

Which antibiotic is used to treat urinary tract infections, sinusitis, bronchitis, and MRSA?

What is the mechanism of action of mupirocin (Bactroban)?

What antibiotic is known to cause prolongation of the QT interval and has been associated with a small increase in cardiovascular deaths in those with pre-existing cardiac disease?

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