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Questions and Answers
What is one potential advantage of phage therapy?
What is one potential advantage of phage therapy?
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are known for their effectiveness against viruses only.
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are known for their effectiveness against viruses only.
False
Which of the following is NOT one of Koch's Postulates?
Which of the following is NOT one of Koch's Postulates?
What is the primary function of β-lactamase inhibitors like clavulanic acid?
What is the primary function of β-lactamase inhibitors like clavulanic acid?
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In ________________, one species benefits while the other is unaffected.
In ________________, one species benefits while the other is unaffected.
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Rivers' modifications include a requirement for the detection of a specific immune response.
Rivers' modifications include a requirement for the detection of a specific immune response.
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Match the microbial relationship with its definition:
Match the microbial relationship with its definition:
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What is the first step in the infectious disease process?
What is the first step in the infectious disease process?
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Which method would you likely use for diagnosing a microbial infection that does not grow well in culture?
Which method would you likely use for diagnosing a microbial infection that does not grow well in culture?
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The step where the microbe increases in numbers is known as __________.
The step where the microbe increases in numbers is known as __________.
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Match the mechanism of harm with its description:
Match the mechanism of harm with its description:
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Antibiotics are effective against viruses as well as bacteria.
Antibiotics are effective against viruses as well as bacteria.
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What is the primary goal of susceptibility testing?
What is the primary goal of susceptibility testing?
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What term describes the transmission of a disease from mother to child?
What term describes the transmission of a disease from mother to child?
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According to Rivers' modifications, a virus must be absent in healthy individuals.
According to Rivers' modifications, a virus must be absent in healthy individuals.
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Name one method of horizontal transmission.
Name one method of horizontal transmission.
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What type of toxin causes paralysis by blocking nerve signals?
What type of toxin causes paralysis by blocking nerve signals?
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Chronic viral infections have shorter durations than acute viral infections.
Chronic viral infections have shorter durations than acute viral infections.
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What percentage of human cancers are linked to viral infections?
What percentage of human cancers are linked to viral infections?
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AB Toxins consist of two subunits, Subunit A which inhibits ______ functions and Subunit B which binds to cell receptors.
AB Toxins consist of two subunits, Subunit A which inhibits ______ functions and Subunit B which binds to cell receptors.
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Match the type of viral infection to its description:
Match the type of viral infection to its description:
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Which of the following directly mediates cell death and tissue damage?
Which of the following directly mediates cell death and tissue damage?
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Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) occurs through neutralizing antibodies.
Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) occurs through neutralizing antibodies.
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What immunological event can be caused by the overactivation of the immune system, particularly involving TLR4?
What immunological event can be caused by the overactivation of the immune system, particularly involving TLR4?
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Which type of viruses are known to cause cancer?
Which type of viruses are known to cause cancer?
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The HPV vaccine is designed to prevent high-risk subtypes associated with cervical cancer.
The HPV vaccine is designed to prevent high-risk subtypes associated with cervical cancer.
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What are two factors that affect disease severity?
What are two factors that affect disease severity?
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_____ practices such as wearing masks can help prevent the transmission of respiratory viruses.
_____ practices such as wearing masks can help prevent the transmission of respiratory viruses.
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What is one effect of immunosenescence?
What is one effect of immunosenescence?
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Match the virus with its corresponding disease severity characteristic:
Match the virus with its corresponding disease severity characteristic:
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Vaccination is not important for controlling the spread of diseases.
Vaccination is not important for controlling the spread of diseases.
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Koch's and Rivers' criteria are essential for identifying _____ .
Koch's and Rivers' criteria are essential for identifying _____ .
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Which stage is NOT part of the modern drug discovery process?
Which stage is NOT part of the modern drug discovery process?
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Emerging strategies in drug discovery include both phenotypic and target-based screening.
Emerging strategies in drug discovery include both phenotypic and target-based screening.
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What is drug repurposing?
What is drug repurposing?
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In rational drug design, the focus is on understanding the __________ of a drug target.
In rational drug design, the focus is on understanding the __________ of a drug target.
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Match the following scientists with their contributions to drug discovery:
Match the following scientists with their contributions to drug discovery:
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Which of the following is not considered a major type of vaccine?
Which of the following is not considered a major type of vaccine?
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Vaccines can only provide immunity against viral infections.
Vaccines can only provide immunity against viral infections.
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Name one challenge faced in vaccine development.
Name one challenge faced in vaccine development.
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Opportunistic infections primarily occur in individuals with a weakened __________.
Opportunistic infections primarily occur in individuals with a weakened __________.
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Match the following opportunistic infections with their corresponding pathogens:
Match the following opportunistic infections with their corresponding pathogens:
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What is the primary factor influencing the emergence of infectious diseases?
What is the primary factor influencing the emergence of infectious diseases?
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What are Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs)?
What are Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs)?
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Historical pandemics play no role in understanding modern emerging infectious diseases.
Historical pandemics play no role in understanding modern emerging infectious diseases.
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Study Notes
Antimicrobial Strategies
- Methods to inhibit or destroy microorganisms
- Types: Antibiotics (e.g., β-lactams), antifungals (e.g., amphotericin B), antivirals (e.g., oseltamivir), Phage Therapy, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and alternative therapies (vaccines, antisense oligonucleotides, probiotics).
Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs)
- 10-60 amino acids long
- Interact negatively-charged cell membranes
- Form transmembrane water-permeable pores
- Inhibit protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis
Phage Therapy
- Naturally occurring or genetically modified to increase sensitivity to specific bacteria
- Infect and lyse bacteria
- Bacteria and phages have co-evolved
- Can be used in conjunction with antibiotics
- Specific (won't harm other cells)
- Fewer side effects than antibiotics
Antisense Oligonucleotides
- Short, chemically modified, single-stranded molecules
- Complementary to mRNA target
- Target pathogen essential genes (replication, resistance, virulence)
- Possible to augment host immune response
- Cause RNA cleavage or blockage
Antibiotics
- Mnemonic, antibiotic class, examples, and coverage for different groups of antibiotics
- MOA (mechanism of action) for each class of antibiotics, e.g., inhibit protein synthesis (30S or 50S), cell wall synthesis, folate synthesis, or DNA replication
- Uses for each class of antibiotics, e.g., bacteremia, skin, urinary, respiratory infections
Mechanisms of Antibiotics (Cell Wall Inhibitors)
- β-lactams: Block peptidoglycan cross-linking by inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).
- Bactericidal.
- β-lactam moiety mimics D-Ala-D-Ala moiety, binds to transpeptidase that links peptidoglycan molecule.
- Examples: Penicillins (e.g., amoxicillin), Cephalosporins (e.g., cefepime), Carbapenems (e.g., meropenem), Monobactams (e.g., aztreonam), β-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., clavulanic acid).
Mechanisms of Antibiotics (Other Inhibitors)
- Glycopeptides: Block peptidoglycan synthesis.
- Macrolides: Bind the 50S ribosome.
- Aminoglycosides: Bind the 30S ribosome.
- Other inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones, Nitroimidazoles, Trimethoprim
Resistance Mechanisms
- β-lactam resistance includes enzymatic production (β-lactamases), efflux pumps, and target modification
- Vancomycin resistance involves D-Ala-D-Ala to D-Ala-D-Ser modification to prevent vancomycin binding
Key Antibiotics Overview
- β-lactams, Vancomycin, Macrolides, Aminoglycosides, and Fluoroquinolones
Laboratory Methods
- Gram stain, acid-fast stains, fungal stains, parasite microscopy, virus detection and culture methods.
- Methods for identifying bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses, as well as culture methods.
Opportunistic Infections
- Defined by infections occurring in individuals with weakened immune systems.
- Contributing factors include congenital defects, acquired conditions (cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS), immunosuppressive therapies, malnutrition, age-related decline, and foreign bodies.
Emerging/Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs/RIDs)
- Definitions: Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs): Newly appearing or rapidly increasing diseases Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (RIDs): Previously controlled diseases increasing.
- Categories: Newly emerging, re-emerging, deliberately emerging
- Anthropogenic factors: Ecological changes, human demographics/behaviors, healthcare advances, travel/trade, and climate change
- Microbial factors: Microbial evolution and drug resistance
Vaccines
- Purpose: Expose immune system to pathogens/components without causing disease
- Types: Live attenuated, inactivated, subunit/conjugate, viral vectored, nucleic acid
- Ideal characteristics: Safety, effectiveness, cost-effectiveness
- Outcomes: Disease eradication, disease reduction, and herd immunity
- Challenges: HIV vaccine development and COVID-19 vaccines
- Side effects: Mild and severe (rare)
- Contraindications
Drug Discovery
- Early drug discoveries relied on trial and error using natural products.
- Modern process includes target identification, hit identification, hits to leads, lead optimization, and preclinical/clinical trials.
- Emerging strategies in drug discovery include rational drug design, phenotypic screening, and drug repurposing.
Specific Infections
- HIV/AIDS, Candidiasis, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP), and toxoplasmosis.
- Specific causes, forms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, for each condition are addressed.
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Description
Explore various methods used to inhibit or destroy microorganisms, including antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, and innovative approaches like Phage Therapy and Antisense Oligonucleotides. This quiz covers the essentials of antimicrobial peptides and their roles in modern medicine. Test your knowledge on the effectiveness and mechanisms of these strategies.
