163 Questions
Which of the following factors can accelerate the evolution of drug resistance?
Overuse
What are the common mechanisms of drug resistance?
Both chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer
What are multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs)?
Microbes that are resistant to multiple antimicrobials
Which of the following is a clinically important superbug responsible for many nosocomial infections?
Enterococcus faecium
What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
A pathogen that causes skin infections, pneumonia, and septicemia
What is Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)?
A pathogen that is resistant to vancomycin
What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?
Bacteria that are resistant to multiple antimicrobials
What are Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (XDR-TB)?
Bacteria that are resistant to multiple antimicrobials
What is the main concern with Multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance in clinical settings?
They are resistant to multiple antimicrobials
What is the need for rapid clinical identification methods?
To limit the spread of resistant bacteria
What are the necessary steps to combat antimicrobial resistance?
New antimicrobial drug development and prudent antimicrobial use
Which of the following factors can accelerate the evolution of drug resistance?
Overuse
What are the common mechanisms of drug resistance?
Both chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer
What are multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs)?
Microbes that are resistant to multiple antimicrobials
Which of the following is a clinically important superbug responsible for many nosocomial infections?
Enterococcus faecium
What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
A pathogen that causes skin infections, pneumonia, and septicemia
What is Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)?
A pathogen that is resistant to vancomycin
What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?
Bacteria that are resistant to multiple antimicrobials
What are Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (XDR-TB)?
Bacteria that are resistant to multiple antimicrobials
What is the main concern with Multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance in clinical settings?
They are resistant to multiple antimicrobials
What is the need for rapid clinical identification methods?
To limit the spread of resistant bacteria
What are the necessary steps to combat antimicrobial resistance?
New antimicrobial drug development and prudent antimicrobial use
Which of the following factors can accelerate the evolution of drug resistance?
Misuse
What are the two ways in which resistance can occur?
Chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer
What are the common mechanisms of drug resistance?
Enzymatic modification, prevention of cellular uptake, and target overproduction
What is a multidrug-resistant microbe (MDR)?
A microbe that is resistant to multiple antimicrobials
What is cross resistance?
Resistance to multiple drugs via a single resistance mechanism
Which superbugs are responsible for many nosocomial infections?
ESKAPE pathogens
What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
A pathogen that is resistant to all available β-lactams
What is the cause of the emergence of Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA)?
Increased use of vancomycin
What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?
Multidrug-resistant bacteria that are typically members of the intestinal microbiota
What are MDR-TB and XDR-TB?
Bacterial infections that are resistant to multiple antibiotics
What is necessary to limit the spread of resistant bacteria?
Rapid clinical identification methods
What is necessary to combat antimicrobial resistance?
All of the above
Which of the following is NOT a factor that accelerates the evolution of drug resistance?
Patient compliance
What are the two ways in which resistance can occur?
Chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer
Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism of drug resistance?
Target mimicry and target overexpression
What is the difference between multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance?
MDRs are resistant to a single antimicrobial, while cross resistance confers resistance to multiple drugs via a single resistance mechanism
Which of the following is NOT one of the ESKAPE pathogens?
Escherichia coli
What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) resistant to?
All available β-lactams
Which of the following is NOT a vancomycin-resistant bacteria?
Streptococcus pyogenes
What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?
Multidrug-resistant bacteria that are typically members of the intestinal microbiota and can cause opportunistic infections in hospitalized patients
What is the difference between multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (XDR-TB)?
MDR-TB is resistant to a single antimicrobial, while XDR-TB is resistant to multiple antimicrobials
What is the main concern with the emergence of multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance in clinical settings?
They limit treatment options and increase the risk of treatment failure and death
Why is the development of rapid clinical identification methods necessary to limit the spread of resistant bacteria?
To identify infected patients and implement appropriate infection control measures
What are the necessary steps to combat antimicrobial resistance?
New antimicrobial drug development and prudent antimicrobial use
Which of the following is NOT a factor that accelerates the evolution of drug resistance?
Patient compliance
Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism of drug resistance?
Target underproduction or enzymatic bypass
Which of the following is a multidrug-resistant bacteria that is typically a member of the intestinal microbiota but can cause opportunistic infections in hospitalized patients?
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Which of the following is a superbug responsible for many nosocomial infections?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Which of the following is a widespread opportunistic pathogen that causes skin infections, pneumonia, and septicemia, and is resistant to all available β-lactams?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Which of the following is a multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis that results from the incorrect use of antimicrobials for tuberculosis treatment?
MDR-TB
Which of the following is a superbug that exhibits high resistance to vancomycin?
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)
Which of the following is a clinically important superbug responsible for many nosocomial infections and is resistant to multiple antimicrobials?
Acinetobacter baumannii
Which of the following is NOT a concern with Multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance in clinical settings?
Increased patient compliance
Which of the following is a rapidly emerging threat in clinical settings and is resistant to most available antibiotics?
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens
What is the main concern with the increased use of vancomycin?
Emergence of multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs)
What is necessary to combat antimicrobial resistance?
Both A and B
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can accelerate the evolution of drug resistance?
Patient compliance
What are the two ways in which resistance can occur?
Chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer
Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism of drug resistance?
Target elimination
What is cross resistance?
Resistance to multiple drugs via a single resistance mechanism
Which of the following is NOT one of the ESKAPE pathogens?
Escherichia coli
What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) resistant to?
All available β-lactams
What is the difference between vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA)?
VRE exhibits high resistance to vancomycin while VRSA exhibits intermediate resistance
What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?
Bacteria that produce enzymes that inactivate β-lactam antibiotics
What is the difference between multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (XDR-TB)?
MDR-TB is resistant to two first-line drugs while XDR-TB is resistant to three or more second-line drugs
What is the main concern with multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance in clinical settings?
They limit treatment options
Why is the development of rapid clinical identification methods necessary?
To limit the spread of resistant bacteria
What are the necessary steps to combat antimicrobial resistance?
Development of new antibiotics and prudent antimicrobial use
Which of the following is NOT a factor that accelerates the evolution of drug resistance?
Patient compliance
What are the two ways resistance can occur?
Chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer
What are the common mechanisms of drug resistance?
Enzymatic modification and inactivation of the drug, prevention of cellular uptake or efflux, target modification, target overproduction or enzymatic bypass, and target mimicry
What is cross resistance?
Resistance to multiple drugs via a single resistance mechanism
What are the ESKAPE pathogens?
Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.
What is MRSA?
A widespread opportunistic pathogen that causes skin infections, pneumonia, and septicemia
What are VRE, VRSA, and VISA?
Vancomycin-resistant bacteria
What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?
Multidrug-resistant bacteria that are typically members of the intestinal microbiota but can cause opportunistic infections in hospitalized patients
What are MDR-TB and XDR-TB?
Drug-resistant tuberculosis strains
What is the main concern with MDRs and cross resistance in clinical settings?
The spread of resistant bacteria
Why is the development of rapid clinical identification methods necessary?
To limit the spread of resistant bacteria
What are the necessary steps to combat antimicrobial resistance?
Prudent antimicrobial use and patient compliance
Which of the following factors can contribute to the evolution of antimicrobial resistance?
Misuse of antimicrobial drugs
What are the two ways in which resistance can occur?
Chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer
What are the common mechanisms of drug resistance?
Target mimicry and enzymatic modification
What is the difference between multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance?
MDRs are resistant to multiple antimicrobials and cross resistance confers resistance to a single drug
Which of the following is a clinically important superbug responsible for many nosocomial infections?
Klebsiella pneumoniae
What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
A drug that is resistant to all available β-lactams
What caused the emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA)?
Increased use of vancomycin
What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?
Bacteria that are typically members of the intestinal microbiota
What is the main concern with Multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance in clinical settings?
The spread of resistant bacteria
What is the significance of Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (XDR-TB)?
They are of significant global concern
What is necessary to limit the spread of resistant bacteria?
The development of rapid clinical identification methods
What are the necessary steps to combat antimicrobial resistance?
Prudent antimicrobial use and the development of rapid clinical identification methods
Which of the following is NOT a factor that accelerates the evolution of drug resistance?
Patient compliance
Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism of drug resistance?
Target underproduction or enzymatic bypass
Which of the following is a multidrug-resistant bacteria that is typically a member of the intestinal microbiota but can cause opportunistic infections in hospitalized patients?
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Which of the following is a superbug responsible for many nosocomial infections?
Staphylococcus aureus
Which of the following is a widespread opportunistic pathogen that is resistant to all available β-lactams?
Staphylococcus aureus
Which of the following is a multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is of significant global concern and results from the incorrect use of antimicrobials for tuberculosis treatment?
MDR-TB
Which of the following is NOT a vancomycin-resistant bacteria?
K. pneumoniae
Which of the following is NOT a concern in clinical settings regarding multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs)?
MDRs being susceptible to all available antimicrobials
Which of the following is a mechanism of drug resistance where the microbe prevents the drug from entering the cell or pumps it out of the cell?
Prevention of cellular uptake or efflux
Which of the following is a clinically important superbug responsible for many nosocomial infections and can be multidrug-resistant?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Which of the following is a mechanism of drug resistance where the microbe produces an enzyme that inactivates the drug?
Enzymatic modification or inactivation of the drug
Which of the following is a multidrug-resistant bacteria that emerged due to the increased use of vancomycin and exhibits high resistance to vancomycin?
Enterococcus faecium
Which of the following is NOT a factor that accelerates the evolution of drug resistance?
Patient compliance
What are the two ways in which resistance can occur?
Plasmids and transposons
Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism of drug resistance?
Target synthesis
What is the difference between multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance?
MDRs are resistant to multiple antimicrobials, while cross resistance confers resistance to multiple drugs via a single resistance mechanism
Which of the following superbugs is responsible for causing skin infections, pneumonia, and septicemia and is resistant to all available β-lactams?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Which of the following pathogens emerged due to the increased use of vancomycin and exhibits high resistance to vancomycin?
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)
Which of the following multidrug-resistant bacteria are typically members of the intestinal microbiota but can cause opportunistic infections in hospitalized patients?
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens
What is the difference between MDR-TB and XDR-TB?
MDR-TB is resistant to all available antimicrobials, while XDR-TB is resistant to multiple antimicrobials
Why is the development of rapid clinical identification methods necessary?
To limit the spread of resistant bacteria
What is necessary to combat antimicrobial resistance?
Prudent antimicrobial use and new antimicrobial drug development
Which of the following is a clinically important superbug responsible for many nosocomial infections?
All of the above
What is the difference between VRSA and VISA?
VRSA is resistant to vancomycin, while VISA exhibits intermediate resistance
Which of the following is NOT a factor that accelerates the evolution of drug resistance?
Patient compliance
What are the two ways resistance can occur?
Chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer
What are the common mechanisms of drug resistance?
All of the above
What is the difference between multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance?
MDRs are resistant to a single antimicrobial, while cross resistance confers resistance to multiple drugs
What are the ESKAPE pathogens?
Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.
What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
A drug that is resistant to all available β-lactams
What is the cause of the emergence of Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA)?
Increased use of vancomycin
What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?
Multidrug-resistant bacteria that are typically members of the intestinal microbiota but can cause opportunistic infections in hospitalized patients
What are MDR-TB and XDR-TB?
Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Why is the development of rapid clinical identification methods necessary?
To prevent the spread of resistant bacteria
What are the necessary steps to combat antimicrobial resistance?
New antimicrobial drug development and prudent antimicrobial use
Which of the following is NOT a factor that accelerates the evolution of drug resistance?
Proper use
What are the two ways resistance can occur?
Chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer
What are the common mechanisms of drug resistance?
Enzymatic modification or inactivation of the drug, prevention of cellular uptake or efflux, target modification, target overproduction or enzymatic bypass, and target mimicry
What are MDRs?
Multidrug-resistant bacteria
What are the ESKAPE pathogens?
Clinically important superbugs responsible for many nosocomial infections
What is MRSA?
A type of skin infection
What are VRE, VRSA, and VISA?
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA)
What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?
Multidrug-resistant bacteria that are typically members of the intestinal microbiota
What are MDR-TB and XDR-TB?
Types of tuberculosis
What is the main concern with MDRs and cross resistance in clinical settings?
They can lead to treatment failure and increased mortality rates
Why is the development of rapid clinical identification methods necessary?
To limit the spread of resistant bacteria
What are the necessary steps to combat antimicrobial resistance?
Proper use of antimicrobials and new antimicrobial drug development
Which of the following is NOT a factor that accelerates the evolution of drug resistance?
Patient compliance
What are the two ways in which resistance can occur?
Horizontal gene transfer and vertical gene transfer
What are the common mechanisms of drug resistance?
Prevention of cellular uptake or efflux, target modification, target overproduction or enzymatic bypass, and target mimicry
What is the difference between multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance?
MDRs are resistant to multiple antimicrobials, while cross resistance confers resistance to multiple drugs via a single resistance mechanism
Which of the following is a clinically important superbug responsible for many nosocomial infections?
Acinetobacter baumannii
What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
A bacterium that is resistant to all available β-lactams
What is the difference between Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA)?
VRE is resistant to all available β-lactams, while VRSA is resistant to vancomycin
What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?
Bacteria that are typically members of the intestinal microbiota but can cause opportunistic infections in hospitalized patients
What is the difference between Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (XDR-TB)?
MDR-TB is resistant to a single antimicrobial, while XDR-TB is resistant to multiple antimicrobials
What is the main concern with the development of rapid clinical identification methods?
They may not be accurate
What are the necessary steps to combat antimicrobial resistance?
New antimicrobial drug development and prudent antimicrobial use
Which of the following is NOT a factor that accelerates the evolution of drug resistance?
Proper use
What are the two ways resistance can occur?
Chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer
What are the common mechanisms of drug resistance?
Enzymatic modification or inactivation of the drug, prevention of cellular uptake or efflux, target modification, target overproduction or enzymatic bypass, and target mimicry
What is the difference between multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance?
MDRs are resistant to multiple antimicrobials and cross resistance confers resistance to multiple drugs via a single resistance mechanism
Which of the following is NOT one of the ESKAPE pathogens?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
A pathogen that causes skin infections, pneumonia, and septicemia, and is resistant to all available β-lactams
What are the three types of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus?
VRE, VRSA, and VISA
What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?
Multidrug-resistant bacteria that are typically members of the intestinal microbiota but can cause opportunistic infections in hospitalized patients
What is the difference between Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (XDR-TB)?
MDR-TB is resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin, while XDR-TB is resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, a fluoroquinolone, and at least one of three injectable second-line drugs
Why is the development of rapid clinical identification methods necessary to limit the spread of resistant bacteria?
To identify resistant bacteria quickly and prevent their spread in healthcare facilities
What is necessary to combat antimicrobial resistance?
New antimicrobial drug development and prudent antimicrobial use
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