Antimicrobial Resistance Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors can accelerate the evolution of drug resistance?

  • Overuse (correct)
  • Proper use
  • Patient compliance
  • Underuse

    • What are the common mechanisms of drug resistance?

  • Horizontal gene transfer only
  • None of the above
  • Both chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer (correct)
  • Chromosomal mutations only

    • What are multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs)?

  • Microbes that are resistant to one antimicrobial
  • Microbes that are resistant to all antimicrobials
  • Microbes that are resistant to multiple antimicrobials (correct)
  • Microbes that are not resistant to any antimicrobials

    • Which of the following is a clinically important superbug responsible for many nosocomial infections?

    <p>Enterococcus faecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?

    <p>A pathogen that causes skin infections, pneumonia, and septicemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)?

    <p>A pathogen that is resistant to vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Bacteria that are resistant to multiple antimicrobials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (XDR-TB)?

    <p>Bacteria that are resistant to multiple antimicrobials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern with Multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance in clinical settings?

    <p>They are resistant to multiple antimicrobials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the need for rapid clinical identification methods?

    <p>To limit the spread of resistant bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the necessary steps to combat antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>New antimicrobial drug development and prudent antimicrobial use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can accelerate the evolution of drug resistance?

    <p>Overuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common mechanisms of drug resistance?

    <p>Both chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs)?

    <p>Microbes that are resistant to multiple antimicrobials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinically important superbug responsible for many nosocomial infections?

    <p>Enterococcus faecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?

    <p>A pathogen that causes skin infections, pneumonia, and septicemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)?

    <p>A pathogen that is resistant to vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Bacteria that are resistant to multiple antimicrobials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (XDR-TB)?

    <p>Bacteria that are resistant to multiple antimicrobials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern with Multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance in clinical settings?

    <p>They are resistant to multiple antimicrobials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the need for rapid clinical identification methods?

    <p>To limit the spread of resistant bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the necessary steps to combat antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>New antimicrobial drug development and prudent antimicrobial use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can accelerate the evolution of drug resistance?

    <p>Misuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two ways in which resistance can occur?

    <p>Chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common mechanisms of drug resistance?

    <p>Enzymatic modification, prevention of cellular uptake, and target overproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a multidrug-resistant microbe (MDR)?

    <p>A microbe that is resistant to multiple antimicrobials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cross resistance?

    <p>Resistance to multiple drugs via a single resistance mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which superbugs are responsible for many nosocomial infections?

    <p>ESKAPE pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?

    <p>A pathogen that is resistant to all available β-lactams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of the emergence of Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA)?

    <p>Increased use of vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Multidrug-resistant bacteria that are typically members of the intestinal microbiota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are MDR-TB and XDR-TB?

    <p>Bacterial infections that are resistant to multiple antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to limit the spread of resistant bacteria?

    <p>Rapid clinical identification methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to combat antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that accelerates the evolution of drug resistance?

    <p>Patient compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two ways in which resistance can occur?

    <p>Chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism of drug resistance?

    <p>Target mimicry and target overexpression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance?

    <p>MDRs are resistant to a single antimicrobial, while cross resistance confers resistance to multiple drugs via a single resistance mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the ESKAPE pathogens?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) resistant to?

    <p>All available β-lactams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a vancomycin-resistant bacteria?

    <p>Streptococcus pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Multidrug-resistant bacteria that are typically members of the intestinal microbiota and can cause opportunistic infections in hospitalized patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (XDR-TB)?

    <p>MDR-TB is resistant to a single antimicrobial, while XDR-TB is resistant to multiple antimicrobials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern with the emergence of multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance in clinical settings?

    <p>They limit treatment options and increase the risk of treatment failure and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the development of rapid clinical identification methods necessary to limit the spread of resistant bacteria?

    <p>To identify infected patients and implement appropriate infection control measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the necessary steps to combat antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>New antimicrobial drug development and prudent antimicrobial use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that accelerates the evolution of drug resistance?

    <p>Patient compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism of drug resistance?

    <p>Target underproduction or enzymatic bypass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a multidrug-resistant bacteria that is typically a member of the intestinal microbiota but can cause opportunistic infections in hospitalized patients?

    <p>Klebsiella pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a superbug responsible for many nosocomial infections?

    <p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a widespread opportunistic pathogen that causes skin infections, pneumonia, and septicemia, and is resistant to all available β-lactams?

    <p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis that results from the incorrect use of antimicrobials for tuberculosis treatment?

    <p>MDR-TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a superbug that exhibits high resistance to vancomycin?

    <p>Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinically important superbug responsible for many nosocomial infections and is resistant to multiple antimicrobials?

    <p>Acinetobacter baumannii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a concern with Multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance in clinical settings?

    <p>Increased patient compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a rapidly emerging threat in clinical settings and is resistant to most available antibiotics?

    <p>Extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern with the increased use of vancomycin?

    <p>Emergence of multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to combat antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can accelerate the evolution of drug resistance?

    <p>Patient compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two ways in which resistance can occur?

    <p>Chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism of drug resistance?

    <p>Target elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cross resistance?

    <p>Resistance to multiple drugs via a single resistance mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the ESKAPE pathogens?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) resistant to?

    <p>All available β-lactams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA)?

    <p>VRE exhibits high resistance to vancomycin while VRSA exhibits intermediate resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Bacteria that produce enzymes that inactivate β-lactam antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (XDR-TB)?

    <p>MDR-TB is resistant to two first-line drugs while XDR-TB is resistant to three or more second-line drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern with multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance in clinical settings?

    <p>They limit treatment options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the development of rapid clinical identification methods necessary?

    <p>To limit the spread of resistant bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the necessary steps to combat antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Development of new antibiotics and prudent antimicrobial use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that accelerates the evolution of drug resistance?

    <p>Patient compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two ways resistance can occur?

    <p>Chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common mechanisms of drug resistance?

    <p>Enzymatic modification and inactivation of the drug, prevention of cellular uptake or efflux, target modification, target overproduction or enzymatic bypass, and target mimicry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cross resistance?

    <p>Resistance to multiple drugs via a single resistance mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ESKAPE pathogens?

    <p>Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is MRSA?

    <p>A widespread opportunistic pathogen that causes skin infections, pneumonia, and septicemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are VRE, VRSA, and VISA?

    <p>Vancomycin-resistant bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Multidrug-resistant bacteria that are typically members of the intestinal microbiota but can cause opportunistic infections in hospitalized patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are MDR-TB and XDR-TB?

    <p>Drug-resistant tuberculosis strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern with MDRs and cross resistance in clinical settings?

    <p>The spread of resistant bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the development of rapid clinical identification methods necessary?

    <p>To limit the spread of resistant bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the necessary steps to combat antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Prudent antimicrobial use and patient compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can contribute to the evolution of antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Misuse of antimicrobial drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two ways in which resistance can occur?

    <p>Chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common mechanisms of drug resistance?

    <p>Target mimicry and enzymatic modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance?

    <p>MDRs are resistant to multiple antimicrobials and cross resistance confers resistance to a single drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinically important superbug responsible for many nosocomial infections?

    <p>Klebsiella pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?

    <p>A drug that is resistant to all available β-lactams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What caused the emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA)?

    <p>Increased use of vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Bacteria that are typically members of the intestinal microbiota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern with Multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance in clinical settings?

    <p>The spread of resistant bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (XDR-TB)?

    <p>They are of significant global concern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to limit the spread of resistant bacteria?

    <p>The development of rapid clinical identification methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the necessary steps to combat antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Prudent antimicrobial use and the development of rapid clinical identification methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that accelerates the evolution of drug resistance?

    <p>Patient compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism of drug resistance?

    <p>Target underproduction or enzymatic bypass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a multidrug-resistant bacteria that is typically a member of the intestinal microbiota but can cause opportunistic infections in hospitalized patients?

    <p>Klebsiella pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a superbug responsible for many nosocomial infections?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a widespread opportunistic pathogen that is resistant to all available β-lactams?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is of significant global concern and results from the incorrect use of antimicrobials for tuberculosis treatment?

    <p>MDR-TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a vancomycin-resistant bacteria?

    <p>K. pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a concern in clinical settings regarding multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs)?

    <p>MDRs being susceptible to all available antimicrobials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism of drug resistance where the microbe prevents the drug from entering the cell or pumps it out of the cell?

    <p>Prevention of cellular uptake or efflux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinically important superbug responsible for many nosocomial infections and can be multidrug-resistant?

    <p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism of drug resistance where the microbe produces an enzyme that inactivates the drug?

    <p>Enzymatic modification or inactivation of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a multidrug-resistant bacteria that emerged due to the increased use of vancomycin and exhibits high resistance to vancomycin?

    <p>Enterococcus faecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that accelerates the evolution of drug resistance?

    <p>Patient compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two ways in which resistance can occur?

    <p>Plasmids and transposons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism of drug resistance?

    <p>Target synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance?

    <p>MDRs are resistant to multiple antimicrobials, while cross resistance confers resistance to multiple drugs via a single resistance mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following superbugs is responsible for causing skin infections, pneumonia, and septicemia and is resistant to all available β-lactams?

    <p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathogens emerged due to the increased use of vancomycin and exhibits high resistance to vancomycin?

    <p>Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following multidrug-resistant bacteria are typically members of the intestinal microbiota but can cause opportunistic infections in hospitalized patients?

    <p>Extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between MDR-TB and XDR-TB?

    <p>MDR-TB is resistant to all available antimicrobials, while XDR-TB is resistant to multiple antimicrobials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the development of rapid clinical identification methods necessary?

    <p>To limit the spread of resistant bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to combat antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Prudent antimicrobial use and new antimicrobial drug development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinically important superbug responsible for many nosocomial infections?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between VRSA and VISA?

    <p>VRSA is resistant to vancomycin, while VISA exhibits intermediate resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that accelerates the evolution of drug resistance?

    <p>Patient compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two ways resistance can occur?

    <p>Chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common mechanisms of drug resistance?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance?

    <p>MDRs are resistant to a single antimicrobial, while cross resistance confers resistance to multiple drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ESKAPE pathogens?

    <p>Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?

    <p>A drug that is resistant to all available β-lactams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of the emergence of Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA)?

    <p>Increased use of vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Multidrug-resistant bacteria that are typically members of the intestinal microbiota but can cause opportunistic infections in hospitalized patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are MDR-TB and XDR-TB?

    <p>Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the development of rapid clinical identification methods necessary?

    <p>To prevent the spread of resistant bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the necessary steps to combat antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>New antimicrobial drug development and prudent antimicrobial use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that accelerates the evolution of drug resistance?

    <p>Proper use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two ways resistance can occur?

    <p>Chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common mechanisms of drug resistance?

    <p>Enzymatic modification or inactivation of the drug, prevention of cellular uptake or efflux, target modification, target overproduction or enzymatic bypass, and target mimicry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are MDRs?

    <p>Multidrug-resistant bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ESKAPE pathogens?

    <p>Clinically important superbugs responsible for many nosocomial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is MRSA?

    <p>A type of skin infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are VRE, VRSA, and VISA?

    <p>Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Multidrug-resistant bacteria that are typically members of the intestinal microbiota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are MDR-TB and XDR-TB?

    <p>Types of tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern with MDRs and cross resistance in clinical settings?

    <p>They can lead to treatment failure and increased mortality rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the development of rapid clinical identification methods necessary?

    <p>To limit the spread of resistant bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the necessary steps to combat antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Proper use of antimicrobials and new antimicrobial drug development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that accelerates the evolution of drug resistance?

    <p>Patient compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two ways in which resistance can occur?

    <p>Horizontal gene transfer and vertical gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common mechanisms of drug resistance?

    <p>Prevention of cellular uptake or efflux, target modification, target overproduction or enzymatic bypass, and target mimicry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance?

    <p>MDRs are resistant to multiple antimicrobials, while cross resistance confers resistance to multiple drugs via a single resistance mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinically important superbug responsible for many nosocomial infections?

    <p>Acinetobacter baumannii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?

    <p>A bacterium that is resistant to all available β-lactams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA)?

    <p>VRE is resistant to all available β-lactams, while VRSA is resistant to vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Bacteria that are typically members of the intestinal microbiota but can cause opportunistic infections in hospitalized patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (XDR-TB)?

    <p>MDR-TB is resistant to a single antimicrobial, while XDR-TB is resistant to multiple antimicrobials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern with the development of rapid clinical identification methods?

    <p>They may not be accurate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the necessary steps to combat antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>New antimicrobial drug development and prudent antimicrobial use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that accelerates the evolution of drug resistance?

    <p>Proper use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two ways resistance can occur?

    <p>Chromosomal mutations and horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common mechanisms of drug resistance?

    <p>Enzymatic modification or inactivation of the drug, prevention of cellular uptake or efflux, target modification, target overproduction or enzymatic bypass, and target mimicry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between multidrug-resistant microbes (MDRs) and cross resistance?

    <p>MDRs are resistant to multiple antimicrobials and cross resistance confers resistance to multiple drugs via a single resistance mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the ESKAPE pathogens?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?

    <p>A pathogen that causes skin infections, pneumonia, and septicemia, and is resistant to all available β-lactams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus?

    <p>VRE, VRSA, and VISA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing gram-negative pathogens and carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Multidrug-resistant bacteria that are typically members of the intestinal microbiota but can cause opportunistic infections in hospitalized patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (XDR-TB)?

    <p>MDR-TB is resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin, while XDR-TB is resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, a fluoroquinolone, and at least one of three injectable second-line drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the development of rapid clinical identification methods necessary to limit the spread of resistant bacteria?

    <p>To identify resistant bacteria quickly and prevent their spread in healthcare facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to combat antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>New antimicrobial drug development and prudent antimicrobial use</p> Signup and view all the answers

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