Antimicrobial Chemotherapy: Penicillins

Streptomycin = Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity Gentamicin = Severe pain at the site of injection, fever, skin rash Ciprofloxacin = Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, photosensitivity Fluoroquinolones = Damage to growing cartilage

Streptomycin = Treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, plague, and brucellosis Gentamicin = Treatment of severe resistant gram-negative bacterial infections Ciprofloxacin = Treatment of multi-drug resistant urinary tract infections Fluoroquinolones = Treatment of bacterial diarrhea

Aminoglycosides = Interference with protein synthesis Fluoroquinolones = Inhibition of DNA gyrase Sulfonamides = Inhibition of folate synthesis Trimethoprim = Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase

<p>Aminoglycosides = Gram-negative bacteria Fluoroquinolones = Gram-negative bacteria and some gram-positive bacteria Sulfonamides = Broad-spectrum bacteria Trimethoprim = Some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gentamicin = Volume of distribution and renal disorders affect toxicity Ciprofloxacin = Concentrated in urine Fluoroquinolones = Except moxifloxacin, all are concentrated in urine Aminoglycosides = Poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluoroquinolones = Children under the age of 18 Gentamicin = Staphylococcal infections and pneumonia Streptomycin = None mentioned Sulfonamides = Pregnant women and newborns</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillin G = Acid-sensitive and β-lactamase-sensitive Methicillin = β-lactamase-resistant and active against staphylococci Ampicillin = Acid-resistant and β-lactamase-sensitive Dicloxacillin = Inactive orally</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillin G = Streptococci and meningococci Methicillin = Staphylococci and streptococci Ampicillin = Anaerobes and enterococci Dicloxacillin = Gram-negative rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aminoglycosides = Synergistic effect with other antimicrobial agents Fluoroquinolones = Increased risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture Sulfonamides = Interference with folate metabolism Trimethoprim = Increased risk of bone marrow suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulfonamides = Inhibition of dihydropteroate synthase Trimethoprim = Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase Isoniazid = Inhibition of mycolic acid synthesis Rifampicin = Inhibition of bacterial RNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillin = Probenecid increases plasma levels Aminoglycosides = Synergistic effect with penicillins Cephalosporins = Inhibition of active tubular secretion Antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents = Inhibition of β-lactamases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluoroquinolones = Should not be used in children and pregnant women Aminoglycosides = Should be used with caution in patients with renal impairment Gentamicin = Should be used with caution in patients with renal impairment Sulfonamides = Should be used with caution in patients with G6PD deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillins = Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis Cephalosporins = Inhibition of transpeptidation reactions Aminoglycosides = Interference with protein synthesis Antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents = Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillin hypersensitivity reactions = Administration of an antihistamine Anaphylactic shock = Administration of epinephrine Rash = Administration of corticosteroid Nausea = Administration of anti-emetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillin G = Active against gram-positive organisms Cephalosporins = Active against gram-negative organisms Aminopenicillins = Active against gram-negative rods Methicillin = Active against gram-positive cocci</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isoniazid = Neuritis and hepatitis Rifampicin = Inhibition of bacterial RNA synthesis Trimethoprim = Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase Sulfonamides = Stimulation of rickettsial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isoniazid = Inhibition of mycolic acid synthesis Rifampicin = Inhibition of bacterial RNA synthesis Trimethoprim = Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase Sulfonamides = Inhibition of dihydropteroate synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillin G = Sensitive to β-lactamases Methicillin = Resistant to β-lactamases Ampicillin = Resistant to acid Cephalosporins = Sensitive to acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulfonamides = Gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, protozoa and some enteric bacteria Isoniazid = Mycobacterial infections Rifampicin = Meningococci and H.influenza Trimethoprim = Pneumocystitis carnii pneumonia and toxoplasmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillin G = Narrow spectrum of activity Cephalosporins = Broad spectrum of activity Aminopenicillins = Medium spectrum of activity Methicillin = Narrow spectrum of activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulfonamides and trimethoprim = Synergistic through sequential inhibition of folate synthesis Isoniazid and rifampicin = Used in combination for treatment of T.B. infections Amphotericin B and azoles = Used in combination for treatment of fungal infections Sulfonamides and sulfasalazine = Used in combination for treatment of ulcerative colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulfonamides = Stimulation of rickettsial infections Isoniazid = Inhibition of mycolic acid synthesis Rifampicin = Inhibition of bacterial RNA synthesis Trimethoprim = Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulfasalazine = Ulcerative colitis, enteritis and other inflammatory bowel disorders Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole = Pneumocystitis carnii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis and other bacterial infections Isoniazid = T.B. infections and leprosy Rifampicin = Meningococci and H.influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amphotericin B = Binding to fungal ergosterol Azoles = Inhibition of CYP450 enzymes essential for synthesis of ergosterol Sulfonamides = Inhibition of dihydropteroate synthase Rifampicin = Inhibition of bacterial RNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers