Antimicrobial and Antiviral Agents Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the mechanism of action of metronidazole?

  • Inhibits viral replication
  • Inhibits neuraminidase
  • Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
  • Damages microbial DNA (correct)

    • What is the difference between luminal and systemic amebicides?

  • Luminal amebicides are effective against the luminal trophozoite and cyst forms of asymptomatic amebiasis, while systemic amebicides are used to treat intestinal wall infections and liver abscesses caused by amebas (correct)
  • Luminal amebicides are given parenterally, while systemic amebicides are effective against the bloodstream form of amebiasis
  • Luminal amebicides are used to treat protozoal diseases, while systemic amebicides are used to treat viral infections
  • Luminal amebicides are used to treat liver abscesses, while systemic amebicides are used to treat asymptomatic amebiasis

    • What is the mechanism of action of acyclovir?

  • Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
  • Damages microbial DNA
  • Inhibits neuraminidase
  • Inhibits viral replication (correct)

    • What is the purpose of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)?

    <p>To decrease opportunistic infections in HIV patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best protection from cervical cancer?

    <p>HPV vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of remdesivir?

    <p>Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between mixed and luminal amebicides?

    <p>Mixed amebicides are effective against the bloodstream form of amebiasis, while luminal amebicides are used to treat dysentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of interferon and tenofovir?

    <p>To treat chronic hepatitis B and C infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of amebicide is used to treat asymptomatic amebiasis?

    <p>Luminal amebicides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of chloroquine?

    <p>To treat intestinal wall infections and liver abscesses caused by amebas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of acyclovir?

    <p>Inhibiting viral replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)?

    <p>To decrease opportunistic infections in HIV patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV)?

    <p>To prevent HPV infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of interferon?

    <p>Inhibiting viral replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of remdesivir?

    <p>Inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common mycobacterial infection?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is used to treat leprosy?

    <p>Clofazimine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of isoniazid?

    <p>Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of rifampicin?

    <p>Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect can be caused by isoniazid?

    <p>Peripheral neuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect can be caused by rifampicin?

    <p>Elevated liver function tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of ethambutol?

    <p>Inhibits arabinosyl transferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common mycobacterial infection worldwide?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acid, an essential component of the mycobacterial cell wall?

    <p>Isoniazid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of rifampicin?

    <p>Blocks transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is used to treat leprosy?

    <p>Clofazimine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is associated with ethambutol?

    <p>Optic neuritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of pyrazinamide?

    <p>Inhibits fatty acid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adverse effect of isoniazid?

    <p>Hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of Antimicrobial and Antiviral Agents

    • Protozoal diseases are difficult to treat, especially in underdeveloped tropical and subtropical countries.
    • Mixed amebicides, such as metronidazole, are used to treat dysentery and work by damaging microbial DNA.
    • Luminal amebicides, such as iodoquinol, are effective against the luminal trophozoite and cyst forms of asymptomatic amebiasis.
    • Systemic amebicides, such as chloroquine, are used to treat intestinal wall infections and liver abscesses caused by amebas.
    • Visceral type amebicides, such as sodium stibogluconate, are used to treat the most serious form of amebiasis (bloodstream) and are given parenterally.
    • Antiviral agents, such as oseltamivir and zanamivir, are used to treat influenza A and B by inhibiting neuraminidase.
    • Interferon and tenofovir are used to treat chronic hepatitis B and C by inhibiting viral replication.
    • Acyclovir is used to treat herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus infections by incorporating into viral DNA and causing chain termination.
    • Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is used to decrease opportunistic infections in HIV patients.
    • Vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) is the best protection from cervical cancer.
    • Salicylic acid, TCA, and cryotherapy are used to remove warts caused by some types of HPV infection.
    • Remdesivir is an antiviral agent used to treat COVID-19 by inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which is essential for viral replication.

    Antitubercular Drugs and their Mechanisms of Action

    • Mycobacteria are slender, rod-shaped bacteria that cause intracellular infections resulting in granulomatous lesions responsible for tissue destruction.
    • Tuberculosis is the most common mycobacterial infection and is the leading cause of death worldwide from infection.
    • Antitubercular drugs include ethambutol, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and rifampicin, among others.
    • Streptomycin, capreomycin, cycloserine, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides are second-line drugs used to treat tuberculosis.
    • Dapsone, clofazimine, and rifampicin are drugs used to treat leprosy.
    • Isoniazid is a potent antitubercular drug that is activated by a mycobacterial catalase-peroxidase and inhibits the enzymes enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase and β 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase, which are essential for the synthesis of mycolic acid.
    • Resistance to isoniazid is associated with mutations or deletions of mycobacterial catalase-peroxidase or varying mutations or overexpression of enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase.
    • Adverse effects of isoniazid include mild increase in liver function test, hepatitis, idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, mental abnormalities, convulsions, and optic neuritis.
    • Rifampicin blocks transcription by interacting with the β subunit of bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and can cause elevated liver function tests, rash, epigastric distress, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
    • Resistance to rifampicin can be caused by a mutation in the bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase or decreased permeability.
    • Pyrazinamide is a bactericidal antitubercular agent that inhibits fatty acid synthesis, and resistance to it can occur in strains lacking pyrazinamidase.
    • Ethambutol is bacteriostatic and specific for most strains of M. tuberculosis, inhibiting arabinosyl transferase, an enzyme important for the synthesis of the mycobacterial arabinogalactan cell wall, and can cause optic neuritis and decreased urate excretion.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of antimicrobial and antiviral agents with this informative quiz! From treating amebiasis to fighting influenza, hepatitis, and even COVID-19, this quiz covers a wide range of topics related to these critical medications. See how well you know the different types of amebicides, their uses and mechanisms of action, and learn about the latest antiviral agents used to combat viral infections. Take the quiz now and discover fascinating facts about these life-saving drugs!

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