Antigen Processing and Presentation in Immunology

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What makes conventional DCs the most efficient APCs for initiating primary T cell responses?

Responding to chemokines and migrating preferentially into lymph nodes

Expressing high levels of peptide-MHC complexes, costimulators, and cytokines (correct)

Transferring internalized proteins from phagosomes into the cytosol

Being located in tissues colonized by microbes

Which cells are strategically located at sites of entry of microbes and in tissues that may be colonized by microbes?

B cells

Macrophages

Natural killer cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) (correct)

What allows specialized DCs (cDC1) to efficiently cross-present antigens to CD8+ T cells?

Transferring internalized proteins from phagosomes into the cytosol (correct)

Expressing high levels of costimulators

Being located in lymph nodes

Responding to chemokines

What is one key property that differentiates mature DCs from other antigen-presenting cells?

Expressing high levels of peptide-MHC complexes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of dendritic cells (DCs) in relation to T cell responses?

Initiating primary T cell responses Signup and view all the answers

Which DC subset is especially efficient at cross-presentation, presenting ingested antigens on class I MHC molecules to CD8+ T cells?

Type 1 cDCs (cDC1) Signup and view all the answers

Which DC subset is the major source of type I IFN and plays an essential role in innate immune responses to viruses?

Plasmacytoid DCs (pDC) Signup and view all the answers

Which DC subset presents captured antigens to CD4+ T cells and is crucial for initiating responses of these T cells?

Type 2 cDCs (cDC2) Signup and view all the answers

Which DC subset can be induced to develop from monocytes under inflammatory conditions but has unclear roles in immune responses?

Monocyte-derived DCs (moDC) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of DC captures antigens and transports them to secondary lymphoid organs, being involved in antigen presentation to naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells?

Conventional DCs Signup and view all the answers

Which cells, located in the epidermis, were among the earliest identified dendritic cells?

Langerhans cells Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are most effective at capturing and transporting antigens for presentation to naive T cells?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

What enhances the antigen-presenting function of APCs?

Exposure to microbial products Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are more important for the activation of naive T cells?

Antigen-presenting cells Signup and view all the answers

Where are microbes and protein antigens that enter through epithelia concentrated?

Lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Which organ captures blood-borne antigens mostly?

Spleen Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of MHC molecules in antigen processing?

To bind and display antigens for recognition by T cells Signup and view all the answers

Why do T lymphocytes recognize cell-associated antigens and not soluble, cell-free antigens?

Because MHC class I and II molecules only present cell-associated antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is the most effective antigen-presenting cell (APC) for activating naive T cells?

Dendritic cells (DCs) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential for antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to carry antigens to secondary lymphoid organs?

To concentrate antigens where naive T cells circulate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of foreign protein antigens that induce T cell-mediated immune responses?

Intact folded proteins Signup and view all the answers

Why do most T lymphocytes recognize only short peptides?

Due to the structure of MHC molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which immune responses are usually induced by nonprotein antigens?

Humoral immune responses are induced by nonprotein antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What are the additional stimuli provided by APCs to fully activate T cells?

Costimulators are provided by APCs to fully activate T cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lymphocytes recognize peptide antigens displayed by MHC molecules?

CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recognize peptide antigens displayed by MHC molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What process allows DCs to initiate CD8+ T cell responses to the antigens of ingested cells?

Cross-presentation Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway involves the proteolytic cleavage of proteins by enzymes in lysosomes and late endosomes?

Class II MHC pathway Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is associated with newly synthesized class II MHC molecules and transported from the ER to endosomal vesicles?

Invariant chain (Ii) Signup and view all the answers

What type of proteins generates peptides bound to class II MHC molecules for recognition by CD4+ helper T cells?

Proteins synthesized by extracellular microbes Signup and view all the answers

What are the effector mechanisms that eliminate extracellular antigens activated by?

CD4+ helper T cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T cells functions to eliminate cells harboring intracellular infections?

CD8+ CTLs Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when DCs present antigens from virus-infected or tumor cells and prime T cells specific for these antigens?

Cross-presentation Signup and view all the answers

Where are peptides generated by proteasomes in the cytosol translocated for binding to newly synthesized class I MHC molecules?

Endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

What is the specialized transporter protein called that mediates the translocation of peptides ranging from 8 to 16 amino acids from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum?

TAP Signup and view all the answers

Which type of proteasomes are specifically found in immune cells like dendritic cells and other antigen-presenting cells?

Immunoproteasomes Signup and view all the answers

Which protein assists in loading peptides onto newly synthesized class I MHC molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum?

Tapasin Signup and view all the answers

Why do peptides preferentially bind to class I rather than class II MHC molecules after being transported into the ER?

Peptides' affinity for class I MHC Signup and view all the answers

What stabilizes the Class II MHC molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

Peptide antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T cells are activated by helper T lymphocytes to eliminate extracellular antigens?

B lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What type of antigens are presented to CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

Cytosolic antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the essential role of the CD4 coreceptor in the antigen presentation process?

Recognition of nonpolymorphic regions on class II MHC molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type recognizes only peptides displayed by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on APCs?

CD4+ T cells Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response is induced by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

Killing of antigen-expressing cells Signup and view all the answers

What enables mature DCs to efficiently activate T lymphocytes?

High levels of peptide-MHC complexes, costimulators, and cytokines Signup and view all the answers

Which property makes specialized DCs (cDC1) efficient at cross-presenting antigens?

Transfer of internalized proteins from phagosomes into the cytosol Signup and view all the answers

Which cells migrate from epithelia and tissues via lymphatics in response to chemokines?

Activated DCs Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are strategically located at the common sites of entry of microbes and foreign antigens?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chemokines in the immune response?

Promote DC migration from epithelia and tissues via lymphatics Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells can present peptides derived from cytosolic protein antigens to CD8+ CTLs?

All nucleated cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antigens are degraded by proteasomes to yield peptides that are displayed on class I MHC molecules?

Proteins that are present in the cytosol Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microbes produce antigens in the cytosol of cells?

Microbes that are present in the cytosol Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells can express class II MHC molecules and present antigens to T cells?

Only endothelial and some epithelial cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are involved in the presentation of antigens of ingested microbes to effector T cells?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are involved in the internalization of protein antigens and the presentation of peptides derived from these proteins to helper T cells?

B lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of MHC molecules in antigen processing?

To bind and display peptides for recognition by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is the most effective antigen-presenting cell (APC) for activating naive T cells?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

What are the additional stimuli provided by APCs to fully activate T cells?

Second signals or costimulators Signup and view all the answers

What makes conventional DCs the most efficient APCs for initiating primary T cell responses?

Their high expression of costimulatory molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in antigen processing?

CD4+ T cells recognize peptides bound to class II MHC molecules, while CD8+ T cells recognize peptides bound to class I MHC molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is crucial for initiating responses of CD4+ T cells?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of T cells functions to eliminate cells harboring intracellular infections?

CD8+ cytotoxic T cells Signup and view all the answers

Which DC subset is especially efficient at cross-presentation, presenting ingested antigens on class I MHC molecules to CD8+ T cells?

cDC1 Signup and view all the answers

Which DC subset can be induced to develop from monocytes under inflammatory conditions but has unclear roles in immune responses?

Monocyte-derived DCs Signup and view all the answers

What enhances the antigen-presenting function of APCs?

High expression of costimulatory molecules Signup and view all the answers

Antigen Processing and Presentation in Immunology

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Questions and Answers

What makes conventional DCs the most efficient APCs for initiating primary T cell responses?

Which cells are strategically located at sites of entry of microbes and in tissues that may be colonized by microbes?

What allows specialized DCs (cDC1) to efficiently cross-present antigens to CD8+ T cells?

What is one key property that differentiates mature DCs from other antigen-presenting cells?

What is the primary function of dendritic cells (DCs) in relation to T cell responses?

Which DC subset is especially efficient at cross-presentation, presenting ingested antigens on class I MHC molecules to CD8+ T cells?

Which DC subset is the major source of type I IFN and plays an essential role in innate immune responses to viruses?

Which DC subset presents captured antigens to CD4+ T cells and is crucial for initiating responses of these T cells?

Which DC subset can be induced to develop from monocytes under inflammatory conditions but has unclear roles in immune responses?

Which type of DC captures antigens and transports them to secondary lymphoid organs, being involved in antigen presentation to naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells?

Which cells, located in the epidermis, were among the earliest identified dendritic cells?

Which cells are most effective at capturing and transporting antigens for presentation to naive T cells?

What enhances the antigen-presenting function of APCs?

Which cells are more important for the activation of naive T cells?

Where are microbes and protein antigens that enter through epithelia concentrated?

Which organ captures blood-borne antigens mostly?

What is the main function of MHC molecules in antigen processing?

Why do T lymphocytes recognize cell-associated antigens and not soluble, cell-free antigens?

Which cell type is the most effective antigen-presenting cell (APC) for activating naive T cells?

Why is it essential for antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to carry antigens to secondary lymphoid organs?

What is the primary source of foreign protein antigens that induce T cell-mediated immune responses?

Why do most T lymphocytes recognize only short peptides?

Which immune responses are usually induced by nonprotein antigens?

What are the additional stimuli provided by APCs to fully activate T cells?

Which type of lymphocytes recognize peptide antigens displayed by MHC molecules?

What process allows DCs to initiate CD8+ T cell responses to the antigens of ingested cells?

Which pathway involves the proteolytic cleavage of proteins by enzymes in lysosomes and late endosomes?

Which molecule is associated with newly synthesized class II MHC molecules and transported from the ER to endosomal vesicles?

What type of proteins generates peptides bound to class II MHC molecules for recognition by CD4+ helper T cells?

What are the effector mechanisms that eliminate extracellular antigens activated by?

Which type of T cells functions to eliminate cells harboring intracellular infections?

What is the process called when DCs present antigens from virus-infected or tumor cells and prime T cells specific for these antigens?

Where are peptides generated by proteasomes in the cytosol translocated for binding to newly synthesized class I MHC molecules?

What is the specialized transporter protein called that mediates the translocation of peptides ranging from 8 to 16 amino acids from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum?

Which type of proteasomes are specifically found in immune cells like dendritic cells and other antigen-presenting cells?

Which protein assists in loading peptides onto newly synthesized class I MHC molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum?

Why do peptides preferentially bind to class I rather than class II MHC molecules after being transported into the ER?

What stabilizes the Class II MHC molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

Which type of T cells are activated by helper T lymphocytes to eliminate extracellular antigens?

What type of antigens are presented to CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

What is the essential role of the CD4 coreceptor in the antigen presentation process?

Which cell type recognizes only peptides displayed by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on APCs?

Which immune response is induced by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

What enables mature DCs to efficiently activate T lymphocytes?

Which property makes specialized DCs (cDC1) efficient at cross-presenting antigens?

Which cells migrate from epithelia and tissues via lymphatics in response to chemokines?

Which cells are strategically located at the common sites of entry of microbes and foreign antigens?

What is the role of chemokines in the immune response?

Which type of cells can present peptides derived from cytosolic protein antigens to CD8+ CTLs?

Which type of antigens are degraded by proteasomes to yield peptides that are displayed on class I MHC molecules?

Which type of microbes produce antigens in the cytosol of cells?

Which type of cells can express class II MHC molecules and present antigens to T cells?

Which type of cells are involved in the presentation of antigens of ingested microbes to effector T cells?

Which type of cells are involved in the internalization of protein antigens and the presentation of peptides derived from these proteins to helper T cells?

What is the function of MHC molecules in antigen processing?

Which cell type is the most effective antigen-presenting cell (APC) for activating naive T cells?

What are the additional stimuli provided by APCs to fully activate T cells?

What makes conventional DCs the most efficient APCs for initiating primary T cell responses?

What is the main difference between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in antigen processing?

Which cell type is crucial for initiating responses of CD4+ T cells?

What type of T cells functions to eliminate cells harboring intracellular infections?

Which DC subset is especially efficient at cross-presentation, presenting ingested antigens on class I MHC molecules to CD8+ T cells?

Which DC subset can be induced to develop from monocytes under inflammatory conditions but has unclear roles in immune responses?

What enhances the antigen-presenting function of APCs?

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