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Questions and Answers
What is formed when antibodies bind to antigens?
What is formed when antibodies bind to antigens?
What term describes the interaction between an antigen and an antibody?
What term describes the interaction between an antigen and an antibody?
Which of the following correctly describes precipitin?
Which of the following correctly describes precipitin?
What is the prerequisite for haptens to cause an immunological response?
What is the prerequisite for haptens to cause an immunological response?
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What environment is necessary for the precipitation reaction to occur?
What environment is necessary for the precipitation reaction to occur?
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What defines immunogens?
What defines immunogens?
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Which statement is true regarding the Ag-Ab reaction?
Which statement is true regarding the Ag-Ab reaction?
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What characterizes the agglutination process?
What characterizes the agglutination process?
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What is formed when a specific antigen combines with its antibody in the presence of electrolytes?
What is formed when a specific antigen combines with its antibody in the presence of electrolytes?
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What is the purpose of the control tube in agglutination tests?
What is the purpose of the control tube in agglutination tests?
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Which component is essential for the lysis of red blood cells in complement fixation tests?
Which component is essential for the lysis of red blood cells in complement fixation tests?
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What type of light does fluorescein absorb to produce fluorescence?
What type of light does fluorescein absorb to produce fluorescence?
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In an indirect ELISA, what is the role of the secondary antibody?
In an indirect ELISA, what is the role of the secondary antibody?
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Which of the following enzymes is NOT commonly associated with ELISA?
Which of the following enzymes is NOT commonly associated with ELISA?
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What type of interaction results in the antigen-antibody reaction?
What type of interaction results in the antigen-antibody reaction?
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What characteristic makes phycoerythrin an effective label for immunofluorescence?
What characteristic makes phycoerythrin an effective label for immunofluorescence?
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What is the significance of the titre in agglutination tests?
What is the significance of the titre in agglutination tests?
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What is a key difference between single diffusion and double diffusion methods?
What is a key difference between single diffusion and double diffusion methods?
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Study Notes
Antigen-Antibody Reactions: Types and Processes
- Antigen-antibody reactions are specific interactions between antibodies and antigens, crucial for the body's immune defense.
- Agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation, immunofluorescence, and ELISA are types of these reactions.
Precipitation Reactions
- Soluble antigens combine with antibodies in the presence of electrolytes to form an insoluble precipitate called "precipitin."
- This reaction happens in liquid or gel mediums.
- Multiple bands might form in complex antigen or antibody preparations, with techniques like single diffusion and double diffusion used.
Agglutination Reactions
- Agglutination involves the clumping of particulate antigens when combined with their specific antibodies.
- The resulting clumps are called agglutinins.
- Agglutinogens are the name for particulate antigens.
- Carrier particles (like RBCs, latex, or bentonite) can be used to enhance sensitivity.
- Agglutination titers indicate the antibody's concentration.
Complement Fixation
- The complement system, a group of proteins, is pivotal for destroying pathogens.
- Complement proteins attach to antibodies within the antigen-antibody complex, triggering a series of reactions for cell lysis.
- Complement fixation tests are used to determine the presence of specific antibodies.
Immunofluorescence
- Fluorescent dyes, like fluorescein and phycoerythrin, are used to detect antigens by binding to antibodies labeled with these dyes.
- The dyes emit light under UV radiation for visualization.
- Coons and colleagues developed this technique in 1942.
ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)
- ELISA uses enzyme-labeled antibodies to detect antigens or antibodies in a sample.
- It's a more convenient, sensitive, affordable, and safer alternative compared to radioimmunoassay.
- Various enzymes like peroxidase, beta-galactosidase, and alkaline phosphatase are used.
- Three types of ELISA exist: direct, indirect, and sandwich.
- Colour intensity in ELISA correlates with antigen concentration in the sample.
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Description
This quiz delves into antigen-antibody reactions, focusing on their types and processes, including agglutination and precipitation reactions. Understand how these interactions are pivotal for immune defense and learn about techniques like ELISA and immunofluorescence.
