Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main target for chemotherapeutic agents in fungi?
What is the main target for chemotherapeutic agents in fungi?
Why are antibiotics ineffective against fungi?
Why are antibiotics ineffective against fungi?
What has led to an increased incidence of mycoses?
What has led to an increased incidence of mycoses?
What is the main component of the fungal cell membrane?
What is the main component of the fungal cell membrane?
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Which type of infections are caused by fungi extending into the epidermis?
Which type of infections are caused by fungi extending into the epidermis?
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What is the role of organ transplantation in the increased incidence of mycoses?
What is the role of organ transplantation in the increased incidence of mycoses?
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Why are mycotic infections difficult to treat in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy?
Why are mycotic infections difficult to treat in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy?
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Which antifungal drug is considered the drug of choice for onychomycosis?
Which antifungal drug is considered the drug of choice for onychomycosis?
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Which antifungal drug is known for causing taste and visual disturbances as adverse effects?
Which antifungal drug is known for causing taste and visual disturbances as adverse effects?
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Which antifungal drug is contraindicated in pregnancy and patients with porphyria?
Which antifungal drug is contraindicated in pregnancy and patients with porphyria?
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Which antifungal drug is used for the treatment of cutaneous and oral Candida infections?
Which antifungal drug is used for the treatment of cutaneous and oral Candida infections?
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Which antifungal drug is rarely used today due to the risk for severe liver injury, adrenal insufficiency, and adverse drug interactions?
Which antifungal drug is rarely used today due to the risk for severe liver injury, adrenal insufficiency, and adverse drug interactions?
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Which antifungal drug is a squalene epoxidase inhibitor?
Which antifungal drug is a squalene epoxidase inhibitor?
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Which antifungal drug is highly protein-bound and deposited in skin, nails, and adipose tissue?
Which antifungal drug is highly protein-bound and deposited in skin, nails, and adipose tissue?
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Which antifungal drug is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine, and should be avoided in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment or hepatic dysfunction?
Which antifungal drug is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine, and should be avoided in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment or hepatic dysfunction?
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Which antifungal drug is used for tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and oropharyngeal and vulvovaginal candidiasis?
Which antifungal drug is used for tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and oropharyngeal and vulvovaginal candidiasis?
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What is the mechanism of action of Amphotericin B?
What is the mechanism of action of Amphotericin B?
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What is the main route of administration for Amphotericin B?
What is the main route of administration for Amphotericin B?
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What is the primary adverse effect of Flucytosine (5-FC)?
What is the primary adverse effect of Flucytosine (5-FC)?
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What is the reason Flucytosine is not used alone?
What is the reason Flucytosine is not used alone?
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What is the mechanism of action of Azole antifungals?
What is the mechanism of action of Azole antifungals?
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What is the primary resistance mechanism related to Amphotericin B?
What is the primary resistance mechanism related to Amphotericin B?
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What is the main reason for the slow IV infusion of Amphotericin B?
What is the main reason for the slow IV infusion of Amphotericin B?
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Which class of antifungal agents acts on the cell wall and has potent activity against Aspergillus and most Candida species?
Which class of antifungal agents acts on the cell wall and has potent activity against Aspergillus and most Candida species?
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Which antifungal drug is the first-line option for patients with invasive candidiasis and second-line option for invasive aspergillosis?
Which antifungal drug is the first-line option for patients with invasive candidiasis and second-line option for invasive aspergillosis?
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Which antifungal drug has a broad spectrum of activity and is the drug of choice for invasive aspergillosis but can cause visual and auditory hallucinations at high doses?
Which antifungal drug has a broad spectrum of activity and is the drug of choice for invasive aspergillosis but can cause visual and auditory hallucinations at high doses?
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Which antifungal drug is the least active triazole with a spectrum limited to yeast and some dimorphic fungi?
Which antifungal drug is the least active triazole with a spectrum limited to yeast and some dimorphic fungi?
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Which enzyme do azole antifungals inhibit, leading to drug interactions with medications metabolized by the same enzyme?
Which enzyme do azole antifungals inhibit, leading to drug interactions with medications metabolized by the same enzyme?
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Which class of antifungal agents is teratogenic and should be avoided in pregnancy unless the benefit outweighs the risk to the fetus?
Which class of antifungal agents is teratogenic and should be avoided in pregnancy unless the benefit outweighs the risk to the fetus?
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Which squalene epoxidase inhibitor is commonly used to treat cutaneous mycotic infections caused by mold-like fungi?
Which squalene epoxidase inhibitor is commonly used to treat cutaneous mycotic infections caused by mold-like fungi?
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Which antifungal drug is associated with the adverse effect of hepatotoxicity and requires monitoring of liver function tests during therapy?
Which antifungal drug is associated with the adverse effect of hepatotoxicity and requires monitoring of liver function tests during therapy?
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Which antifungal drug is a prodrug that is converted to 5-fluorouracil by cytosine deaminase in susceptible fungi?
Which antifungal drug is a prodrug that is converted to 5-fluorouracil by cytosine deaminase in susceptible fungi?
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Which antifungal drug has the potential to cause QT interval prolongation and visual disturbances as adverse effects?
Which antifungal drug has the potential to cause QT interval prolongation and visual disturbances as adverse effects?
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Which antifungal drug acts by binding to the fungal cell membrane ergosterol, resulting in the formation of pores and leakage of intracellular components?
Which antifungal drug acts by binding to the fungal cell membrane ergosterol, resulting in the formation of pores and leakage of intracellular components?
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Which antifungal drug is associated with the adverse effect of skin reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis?
Which antifungal drug is associated with the adverse effect of skin reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis?
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Which antifungal drug is a squalene epoxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of dermatophyte infections such as tinea pedis and tinea corporis?
Which antifungal drug is a squalene epoxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of dermatophyte infections such as tinea pedis and tinea corporis?
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Which antifungal drug is contraindicated in pregnancy due to its association with skeletal abnormalities and embryotoxicity in animal studies?
Which antifungal drug is contraindicated in pregnancy due to its association with skeletal abnormalities and embryotoxicity in animal studies?
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Which adverse effect is specifically associated with Flucytosine (5-FC)?
Which adverse effect is specifically associated with Flucytosine (5-FC)?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of Azole antifungals?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Azole antifungals?
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What is the main reason for the restricted antifungal spectrum of Flucytosine (5-FC)?
What is the main reason for the restricted antifungal spectrum of Flucytosine (5-FC)?
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Which antifungal drug is administered parenterally through slow IV infusion due to its water insolubility?
Which antifungal drug is administered parenterally through slow IV infusion due to its water insolubility?
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What is the main factor related to Amphotericin B resistance?
What is the main factor related to Amphotericin B resistance?
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Which antifungal drug is well-absorbed orally and penetrates the CSF?
Which antifungal drug is well-absorbed orally and penetrates the CSF?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of Amphotericin B?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Amphotericin B?
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Which antifungal drug is a squalene epoxidase inhibitor commonly used to treat cutaneous mycotic infections caused by mold-like fungi?
Which antifungal drug is a squalene epoxidase inhibitor commonly used to treat cutaneous mycotic infections caused by mold-like fungi?
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Which antifungal drug is the first-line option for patients with invasive candidiasis and second-line option for invasive aspergillosis?
Which antifungal drug is the first-line option for patients with invasive candidiasis and second-line option for invasive aspergillosis?
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Which antifungal drug has a broad spectrum of activity and is the drug of choice for invasive aspergillosis but can cause visual and auditory hallucinations at high doses?
Which antifungal drug has a broad spectrum of activity and is the drug of choice for invasive aspergillosis but can cause visual and auditory hallucinations at high doses?
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Which antifungal drug is highly protein-bound and deposited in skin, nails, and adipose tissue?
Which antifungal drug is highly protein-bound and deposited in skin, nails, and adipose tissue?
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Which class of antifungal agents acts on the cell wall and has potent activity against Aspergillus and most Candida species?
Which class of antifungal agents acts on the cell wall and has potent activity against Aspergillus and most Candida species?
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Which antifungal drug is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine, and should be avoided in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment or hepatic dysfunction?
Which antifungal drug is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine, and should be avoided in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment or hepatic dysfunction?
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Which antifungal drug is the least active triazole with a spectrum limited to yeast and some dimorphic fungi?
Which antifungal drug is the least active triazole with a spectrum limited to yeast and some dimorphic fungi?
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Which antifungal drug is a squalene epoxidase inhibitor and is the drug of choice for onychomycosis?
Which antifungal drug is a squalene epoxidase inhibitor and is the drug of choice for onychomycosis?
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Which antifungal drug causes disruption of mitotic spindle, is deposited in newly forming skin, and used for dermatophytosis of the scalp and hair?
Which antifungal drug causes disruption of mitotic spindle, is deposited in newly forming skin, and used for dermatophytosis of the scalp and hair?
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Which antifungal drug is used for the treatment of cutaneous and oral Candida infections and is not absorbed from the GI tract?
Which antifungal drug is used for the treatment of cutaneous and oral Candida infections and is not absorbed from the GI tract?
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Which antifungal drug is known for causing taste and visual disturbances as adverse effects, and is an inhibitor of CYP450 2D6 isoenzyme?
Which antifungal drug is known for causing taste and visual disturbances as adverse effects, and is an inhibitor of CYP450 2D6 isoenzyme?
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Which antifungal drug has historically been used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections but is rarely used today due to the risk for severe liver injury, adrenal insufficiency, and adverse drug interactions?
Which antifungal drug has historically been used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections but is rarely used today due to the risk for severe liver injury, adrenal insufficiency, and adverse drug interactions?
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Which antifungal drug is used for tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and oropharyngeal and vulvovaginal candidiasis?
Which antifungal drug is used for tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and oropharyngeal and vulvovaginal candidiasis?
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Which antifungal drug has a prolonged half-life of 200 to 400 hours and is highly protein-bound and deposited in skin, nails, and adipose tissue?
Which antifungal drug has a prolonged half-life of 200 to 400 hours and is highly protein-bound and deposited in skin, nails, and adipose tissue?
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Which antifungal drug is contraindicated in pregnancy and patients with porphyria, and induces hepatic CYP450 leading to drug-drug interactions?
Which antifungal drug is contraindicated in pregnancy and patients with porphyria, and induces hepatic CYP450 leading to drug-drug interactions?
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Which antifungal drug is used for the treatment of tinea capitis and requires oral formulation?
Which antifungal drug is used for the treatment of tinea capitis and requires oral formulation?
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Which class of antifungal agents acts on the cell wall and has potent activity against Aspergillus and most Candida species?
Which class of antifungal agents acts on the cell wall and has potent activity against Aspergillus and most Candida species?
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Which antifungal drug is the drug of choice for invasive aspergillosis but can cause visual and auditory hallucinations at high doses?
Which antifungal drug is the drug of choice for invasive aspergillosis but can cause visual and auditory hallucinations at high doses?
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Which antifungal drug is a squalene epoxidase inhibitor commonly used to treat cutaneous mycotic infections caused by mold-like fungi?
Which antifungal drug is a squalene epoxidase inhibitor commonly used to treat cutaneous mycotic infections caused by mold-like fungi?
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Which antifungal drug is the first-line option for patients with invasive candidiasis and second-line option for invasive aspergillosis?
Which antifungal drug is the first-line option for patients with invasive candidiasis and second-line option for invasive aspergillosis?
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Which antifungal drug is a prodrug that is converted to 5-fluorouracil by cytosine deaminase in susceptible fungi?
Which antifungal drug is a prodrug that is converted to 5-fluorouracil by cytosine deaminase in susceptible fungi?
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Which antifungal drug is used for tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and oropharyngeal and vulvovaginal candidiasis?
Which antifungal drug is used for tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and oropharyngeal and vulvovaginal candidiasis?
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Which antifungal drug is the least active triazole with a spectrum limited to yeast and some dimorphic fungi?
Which antifungal drug is the least active triazole with a spectrum limited to yeast and some dimorphic fungi?
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Which antifungal drug is associated with the adverse effect of skin reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis?
Which antifungal drug is associated with the adverse effect of skin reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis?
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What is the main factor related to Amphotericin B resistance?
What is the main factor related to Amphotericin B resistance?
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What is the primary resistance mechanism related to Amphotericin B?
What is the primary resistance mechanism related to Amphotericin B?
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Which antifungal drug is a squalene epoxidase inhibitor commonly used to treat cutaneous mycotic infections caused by mold-like fungi?
Which antifungal drug is a squalene epoxidase inhibitor commonly used to treat cutaneous mycotic infections caused by mold-like fungi?
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What is the main target for chemotherapeutic agents in fungi?
What is the main target for chemotherapeutic agents in fungi?
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Which antifungal drug is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine, and should be avoided in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment or hepatic dysfunction?
Which antifungal drug is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine, and should be avoided in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment or hepatic dysfunction?
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What is the main route of administration for Amphotericin B?
What is the main route of administration for Amphotericin B?
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What is the mechanism of action of Amphotericin B?
What is the mechanism of action of Amphotericin B?
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What is the primary resistance mechanism related to Amphotericin B?
What is the primary resistance mechanism related to Amphotericin B?
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What is the primary adverse effect of Flucytosine (5-FC)?
What is the primary adverse effect of Flucytosine (5-FC)?
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What is the main factor related to Amphotericin B resistance?
What is the main factor related to Amphotericin B resistance?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of Azole antifungals?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Azole antifungals?
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Why is Flucytosine (5-FC) not used alone?
Why is Flucytosine (5-FC) not used alone?
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How are Azole antifungals administered for the treatment or prophylaxis of cutaneous and systemic mycoses?
How are Azole antifungals administered for the treatment or prophylaxis of cutaneous and systemic mycoses?
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Which antifungal drug is a squalene epoxidase inhibitor and is the drug of choice for onychomycosis?
Which antifungal drug is a squalene epoxidase inhibitor and is the drug of choice for onychomycosis?
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Which antifungal drug has a prolonged half-life of 200 to 400 hours and is highly protein-bound and deposited in skin, nails, and adipose tissue?
Which antifungal drug has a prolonged half-life of 200 to 400 hours and is highly protein-bound and deposited in skin, nails, and adipose tissue?
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Which antifungal drug is used for tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and oropharyngeal and vulvovaginal candidiasis?
Which antifungal drug is used for tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and oropharyngeal and vulvovaginal candidiasis?
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Which antifungal drug is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine, and should be avoided in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment or hepatic dysfunction?
Which antifungal drug is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine, and should be avoided in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment or hepatic dysfunction?
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Which antifungal drug resembles amphotericin B and is used for the treatment of cutaneous and oral Candida infections?
Which antifungal drug resembles amphotericin B and is used for the treatment of cutaneous and oral Candida infections?
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Which antifungal drug is a prodrug that is converted to 5-fluorouracil by cytosine deaminase in susceptible fungi?
Which antifungal drug is a prodrug that is converted to 5-fluorouracil by cytosine deaminase in susceptible fungi?
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Which antifungal drug has historically been used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections but is rarely used today due to the risk for severe liver injury, adrenal insufficiency, and adverse drug interactions?
Which antifungal drug has historically been used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections but is rarely used today due to the risk for severe liver injury, adrenal insufficiency, and adverse drug interactions?
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Which antifungal drug is a squalene epoxidase inhibitor commonly used to treat cutaneous mycotic infections caused by mold-like fungi?
Which antifungal drug is a squalene epoxidase inhibitor commonly used to treat cutaneous mycotic infections caused by mold-like fungi?
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Which antifungal drug is highly protein-bound and deposited in skin, nails, and adipose tissue?
Which antifungal drug is highly protein-bound and deposited in skin, nails, and adipose tissue?
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Antifungal drugs are effective in treating viral infections
Antifungal drugs are effective in treating viral infections
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Fungi have a eukaryotic cellular structure
Fungi have a eukaryotic cellular structure
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Amphotericin B is administered parenterally through slow IV infusion due to its water solubility
Amphotericin B is administered parenterally through slow IV infusion due to its water solubility
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Increased incidence of mycoses is related to factors such as cancer chemotherapy and organ transplantation
Increased incidence of mycoses is related to factors such as cancer chemotherapy and organ transplantation
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Antifungal drugs are not selective and can also act as antibiotics
Antifungal drugs are not selective and can also act as antibiotics
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Mycotic infections can be classified as cutaneous, subcutaneous, or systemic infections
Mycotic infections can be classified as cutaneous, subcutaneous, or systemic infections
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Antifungal drugs target the rigid cell wall and cell membrane of fungi
Antifungal drugs target the rigid cell wall and cell membrane of fungi
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Terbinafine is the drug of choice for onychomycosis, and it is better tolerated, with a shorter duration of therapy, and more effective compared to itraconazole or griseofulvin.
Terbinafine is the drug of choice for onychomycosis, and it is better tolerated, with a shorter duration of therapy, and more effective compared to itraconazole or griseofulvin.
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Terbinafine has a prolonged half-life of 200 to 400 hours.
Terbinafine has a prolonged half-life of 200 to 400 hours.
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Griseofulvin is still used for dermatophytosis of the scalp and hair and is taken with high-fat meals.
Griseofulvin is still used for dermatophytosis of the scalp and hair and is taken with high-fat meals.
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Nystatin is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and can cause systemic toxicity if given parenterally.
Nystatin is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and can cause systemic toxicity if given parenterally.
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Oral ketoconazole is commonly used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.
Oral ketoconazole is commonly used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.
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Imidazoles, such as ketoconazole, are rarely used today due to the risk for severe liver injury, adrenal insufficiency, and adverse drug interactions.
Imidazoles, such as ketoconazole, are rarely used today due to the risk for severe liver injury, adrenal insufficiency, and adverse drug interactions.
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Griseofulvin is a squalene epoxidase inhibitor.
Griseofulvin is a squalene epoxidase inhibitor.
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Flucytosine (5-FC) is used alone for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.
Flucytosine (5-FC) is used alone for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.
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Terbinafine is contraindicated in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment or hepatic dysfunction.
Terbinafine is contraindicated in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment or hepatic dysfunction.
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Amphotericin B is water soluble and can be administered orally.
Amphotericin B is water soluble and can be administered orally.
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Azole antifungals have different mechanisms of action and similar pharmacokinetic properties.
Azole antifungals have different mechanisms of action and similar pharmacokinetic properties.
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Flucytosine has a broad spectrum of antifungal activity.
Flucytosine has a broad spectrum of antifungal activity.
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Amphotericin B resistance is not related to ergosterol content and structure.
Amphotericin B resistance is not related to ergosterol content and structure.
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Flucytosine is well-absorbed orally and penetrates the CSF.
Flucytosine is well-absorbed orally and penetrates the CSF.
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Triazoles are only administered topically for the treatment of cutaneous mycoses.
Triazoles are only administered topically for the treatment of cutaneous mycoses.
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The primary mechanism of action of Azole antifungals involves reducing ergosterol synthesis.
The primary mechanism of action of Azole antifungals involves reducing ergosterol synthesis.
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Fluconazole is the most active triazole with a broad spectrum of activity, including Aspergillus and most Candida species.
Fluconazole is the most active triazole with a broad spectrum of activity, including Aspergillus and most Candida species.
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Voriconazole is the first-line option for patients with invasive candidiasis and second-line option for invasive aspergillosis.
Voriconazole is the first-line option for patients with invasive candidiasis and second-line option for invasive aspergillosis.
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Echinocandins, the newest class of antifungal agents, act on the cell wall and have potent activity against Aspergillus and most Candida species.
Echinocandins, the newest class of antifungal agents, act on the cell wall and have potent activity against Aspergillus and most Candida species.
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Cutaneous mycotic infections, caused by mold-like fungi, are commonly treated with squalene epoxidase inhibitors such as terbinafine, naftifine, and butenafine.
Cutaneous mycotic infections, caused by mold-like fungi, are commonly treated with squalene epoxidase inhibitors such as terbinafine, naftifine, and butenafine.
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Squalene epoxidase inhibitors block the synthesis of ergosterol, leading to decreased membrane permeability and cell death.
Squalene epoxidase inhibitors block the synthesis of ergosterol, leading to decreased membrane permeability and cell death.
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The majority of dermatophytosis is caused by Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton fungi.
The majority of dermatophytosis is caused by Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton fungi.
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Micafungin and anidulafungin are substrates for CYP450 enzymes, thus having potential drug-drug interactions.
Micafungin and anidulafungin are substrates for CYP450 enzymes, thus having potential drug-drug interactions.
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Antifungal drugs are effective in treating viral infections
Antifungal drugs are effective in treating viral infections
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Increased incidence of mycoses can be related to factors such as cancer chemotherapy and organ transplantation
Increased incidence of mycoses can be related to factors such as cancer chemotherapy and organ transplantation
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Amphotericin B is water soluble and can be administered orally
Amphotericin B is water soluble and can be administered orally
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Azole antifungals have different mechanisms of action and similar pharmacokinetic properties
Azole antifungals have different mechanisms of action and similar pharmacokinetic properties
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Terbinafine is contraindicated in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment or hepatic dysfunction
Terbinafine is contraindicated in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment or hepatic dysfunction
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Flucytosine (5-FC) is commonly used alone for the treatment of mycoses
Flucytosine (5-FC) is commonly used alone for the treatment of mycoses
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Antifungal drugs target the rigid cell wall and cell membrane of fungi
Antifungal drugs target the rigid cell wall and cell membrane of fungi
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Amphotericin B is the drug of choice for life-threatening mycoses.
Amphotericin B is the drug of choice for life-threatening mycoses.
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Flucytosine (5-FC) is a synthetic pyrimidine with selective toxicity and is used alone for antifungal treatment.
Flucytosine (5-FC) is a synthetic pyrimidine with selective toxicity and is used alone for antifungal treatment.
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Azole antifungals, including imidazoles and triazoles, share a similar mechanism of action and PK properties.
Azole antifungals, including imidazoles and triazoles, share a similar mechanism of action and PK properties.
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Triazoles are only administered topically for the treatment of cutaneous mycoses.
Triazoles are only administered topically for the treatment of cutaneous mycoses.
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The primary mechanism of action of Azole antifungals involves reducing ergosterol synthesis.
The primary mechanism of action of Azole antifungals involves reducing ergosterol synthesis.
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Flucytosine adverse effects include bone marrow toxicity, nausea, and vomiting.
Flucytosine adverse effects include bone marrow toxicity, nausea, and vomiting.
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Amphotericin B resistance is related to ergosterol content and structure.
Amphotericin B resistance is related to ergosterol content and structure.
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Terbinafine is the drug of choice for onychomycosis and is better tolerated, with a shorter duration of therapy compared to itraconazole or griseofulvin.
Terbinafine is the drug of choice for onychomycosis and is better tolerated, with a shorter duration of therapy compared to itraconazole or griseofulvin.
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Oral terbinafine is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine, making it safe for patients with moderate to severe renal impairment or hepatic dysfunction.
Oral terbinafine is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine, making it safe for patients with moderate to severe renal impairment or hepatic dysfunction.
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Griseofulvin is still used for onychomycosis and requires 6-12 months of treatment.
Griseofulvin is still used for onychomycosis and requires 6-12 months of treatment.
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Nystatin is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and can cause systemic toxicity if given parenterally.
Nystatin is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and can cause systemic toxicity if given parenterally.
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Imidazoles, such as ketoconazole, are rarely used today due to the risk for severe liver injury, adrenal insufficiency, and adverse drug interactions.
Imidazoles, such as ketoconazole, are rarely used today due to the risk for severe liver injury, adrenal insufficiency, and adverse drug interactions.
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Flucytosine is well-absorbed orally and penetrates the central nervous system.
Flucytosine is well-absorbed orally and penetrates the central nervous system.
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Squalene epoxidase inhibitors, such as terbinafine, block the synthesis of ergosterol, leading to decreased membrane permeability and cell death.
Squalene epoxidase inhibitors, such as terbinafine, block the synthesis of ergosterol, leading to decreased membrane permeability and cell death.
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Oral ketoconazole is commonly used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.
Oral ketoconazole is commonly used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.
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Amphotericin B resistance is related to ergosterol content and structure.
Amphotericin B resistance is related to ergosterol content and structure.
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Fluconazole is the least active triazole with a spectrum limited to yeast and some dimorphic fungi.
Fluconazole is the least active triazole with a spectrum limited to yeast and some dimorphic fungi.
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Azole antifungals inhibit hepatic CYP450 3A4 isoenzyme, leading to drug interactions with medications metabolized by the same enzyme.
Azole antifungals inhibit hepatic CYP450 3A4 isoenzyme, leading to drug interactions with medications metabolized by the same enzyme.
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Echinocandins may cause adverse effects such as fever, rash, and should be administered via a slow IV infusion to prevent histamine-like reactions.
Echinocandins may cause adverse effects such as fever, rash, and should be administered via a slow IV infusion to prevent histamine-like reactions.
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Squalene epoxidase inhibitors block the synthesis of ergosterol, leading to increased membrane permeability and cell death.
Squalene epoxidase inhibitors block the synthesis of ergosterol, leading to increased membrane permeability and cell death.
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Caspofungin is the first-line option for patients with invasive candidiasis and second-line option for invasive aspergillosis.
Caspofungin is the first-line option for patients with invasive candidiasis and second-line option for invasive aspergillosis.
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Echinocandins, the newest class of antifungal agents, act on the cell wall and have potent activity against Aspergillus and most Candida species.
Echinocandins, the newest class of antifungal agents, act on the cell wall and have potent activity against Aspergillus and most Candida species.
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Cutaneous mycotic infections, caused by mold-like fungi, are commonly treated with squalene epoxidase inhibitors such as terbinafine, naftifine, and butenafine.
Cutaneous mycotic infections, caused by mold-like fungi, are commonly treated with squalene epoxidase inhibitors such as terbinafine, naftifine, and butenafine.
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Antifungal drugs target the rigid cell wall and cell membrane of fungi
Antifungal drugs target the rigid cell wall and cell membrane of fungi
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Azole antifungals, including imidazoles and triazoles, share a similar mechanism of action and PK properties
Azole antifungals, including imidazoles and triazoles, share a similar mechanism of action and PK properties
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Echinocandins are the newest class of antifungal agents
Echinocandins are the newest class of antifungal agents
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Flucytosine (5-FC) is commonly used alone for the treatment of mycoses
Flucytosine (5-FC) is commonly used alone for the treatment of mycoses
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Amphotericin B is administered parenterally through slow IV infusion due to its water solubility
Amphotericin B is administered parenterally through slow IV infusion due to its water solubility
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Squalene epoxidase inhibitors block the synthesis of ergosterol, leading to increased membrane permeability and cell death
Squalene epoxidase inhibitors block the synthesis of ergosterol, leading to increased membrane permeability and cell death
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Triazoles are only administered topically for the treatment of cutaneous mycoses
Triazoles are only administered topically for the treatment of cutaneous mycoses
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Amphotericin B is the drug of choice for life-threatening mycoses
Amphotericin B is the drug of choice for life-threatening mycoses
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Flucytosine is commonly used alone for the treatment of mycoses
Flucytosine is commonly used alone for the treatment of mycoses
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Azole antifungals reduce ergosterol synthesis and inhibit 14 α-demethylase
Azole antifungals reduce ergosterol synthesis and inhibit 14 α-demethylase
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Flucytosine is well-absorbed orally and penetrates the CSF
Flucytosine is well-absorbed orally and penetrates the CSF
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Triazoles are only administered topically for the treatment of cutaneous mycoses
Triazoles are only administered topically for the treatment of cutaneous mycoses
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Nystatin is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and can cause systemic toxicity if given parenterally
Nystatin is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and can cause systemic toxicity if given parenterally
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Antifungal drugs are effective in treating viral infections
Antifungal drugs are effective in treating viral infections
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Terbinafine is better tolerated and has a shorter duration of therapy compared to itraconazole or griseofulvin.
Terbinafine is better tolerated and has a shorter duration of therapy compared to itraconazole or griseofulvin.
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Oral terbinafine is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine, making it suitable for patients with moderate to severe renal impairment or hepatic dysfunction.
Oral terbinafine is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine, making it suitable for patients with moderate to severe renal impairment or hepatic dysfunction.
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Griseofulvin is still used for onychomycosis and requires 6-12 months of treatment.
Griseofulvin is still used for onychomycosis and requires 6-12 months of treatment.
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Nystatin can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, leading to systemic toxicity if given parenterally.
Nystatin can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, leading to systemic toxicity if given parenterally.
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Oral ketoconazole is widely used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections due to its low risk of severe liver injury and adverse drug interactions.
Oral ketoconazole is widely used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections due to its low risk of severe liver injury and adverse drug interactions.
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Imidazoles, such as ketoconazole, are commonly used for the treatment of tinea capitis.
Imidazoles, such as ketoconazole, are commonly used for the treatment of tinea capitis.
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Flucytosine (5-FC) is used alone for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.
Flucytosine (5-FC) is used alone for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.
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Echinocandins may cause adverse effects such as fever, rash, and should be administered via a slow IV infusion to prevent histamine-like reactions.
Echinocandins may cause adverse effects such as fever, rash, and should be administered via a slow IV infusion to prevent histamine-like reactions.
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Squalene epoxidase inhibitors, such as terbinafine, block the synthesis of ergosterol, leading to decreased membrane permeability and cell death.
Squalene epoxidase inhibitors, such as terbinafine, block the synthesis of ergosterol, leading to decreased membrane permeability and cell death.
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Fluconazole is the most active triazole with a broad spectrum of activity, including Aspergillus and most Candida species.
Fluconazole is the most active triazole with a broad spectrum of activity, including Aspergillus and most Candida species.
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Voriconazole is the drug of choice for invasive aspergillosis but can cause visual and auditory hallucinations at high doses.
Voriconazole is the drug of choice for invasive aspergillosis but can cause visual and auditory hallucinations at high doses.
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Echinocandins act on the cell wall and have potent activity against Aspergillus and most Candida species.
Echinocandins act on the cell wall and have potent activity against Aspergillus and most Candida species.
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Caspofungin is the first-line option for patients with invasive candidiasis and second-line option for invasive aspergillosis.
Caspofungin is the first-line option for patients with invasive candidiasis and second-line option for invasive aspergillosis.
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Micafungin and anidulafungin are substrates for CYP450 enzymes, thus having potential drug-drug interactions.
Micafungin and anidulafungin are substrates for CYP450 enzymes, thus having potential drug-drug interactions.
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Squalene epoxidase inhibitors block the synthesis of ergosterol, leading to increased membrane permeability and cell death.
Squalene epoxidase inhibitors block the synthesis of ergosterol, leading to increased membrane permeability and cell death.
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The majority of dermatophytosis is caused by Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton fungi.
The majority of dermatophytosis is caused by Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton fungi.
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Study Notes
Antifungal Drugs: Pharmacological Overview
- Azole antifungals inhibit hepatic CYP450 3A4 isoenzyme, leading to drug interactions with medications metabolized by the same enzyme
- Azoles are teratogenic and should be avoided in pregnancy unless the benefit outweighs the risk to the fetus
- Fluconazole is the least active triazole with a spectrum limited to yeast and some dimorphic fungi
- Itraconazole has a broader spectrum than fluconazole and is the drug of choice for certain fungal infections
- Voriconazole, with a broad spectrum of activity, is the drug of choice for invasive aspergillosis but can cause visual and auditory hallucinations at high doses
- Echinocandins, the newest class of antifungal agents, act on the cell wall and have potent activity against Aspergillus and most Candida species
- Echinocandins may cause adverse effects such as fever, rash, and should be administered via a slow IV infusion to prevent histamine-like reactions
- Caspofungin is the first-line option for patients with invasive candidiasis and second-line option for invasive aspergillosis
- Micafungin and anidulafungin are first-line options for the treatment of invasive candidiasis and are not substrates for CYP450 enzymes, thus having no drug-drug interactions
- Cutaneous mycotic infections, caused by mold-like fungi, are commonly treated with squalene epoxidase inhibitors such as terbinafine, naftifine, and butenafine
- Squalene epoxidase inhibitors block the synthesis of ergosterol, leading to increased membrane permeability and cell death
- The majority of dermatophytosis, a type of cutaneous infection, is caused by Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton fungi
Antifungal Drugs: Pharmacological Overview
- Azole antifungals inhibit hepatic CYP450 3A4 isoenzyme, leading to drug interactions with medications metabolized by the same enzyme
- Azoles are teratogenic and should be avoided in pregnancy unless the benefit outweighs the risk to the fetus
- Fluconazole is the least active triazole with a spectrum limited to yeast and some dimorphic fungi
- Itraconazole has a broader spectrum than fluconazole and is the drug of choice for certain fungal infections
- Voriconazole, with a broad spectrum of activity, is the drug of choice for invasive aspergillosis but can cause visual and auditory hallucinations at high doses
- Echinocandins, the newest class of antifungal agents, act on the cell wall and have potent activity against Aspergillus and most Candida species
- Echinocandins may cause adverse effects such as fever, rash, and should be administered via a slow IV infusion to prevent histamine-like reactions
- Caspofungin is the first-line option for patients with invasive candidiasis and second-line option for invasive aspergillosis
- Micafungin and anidulafungin are first-line options for the treatment of invasive candidiasis and are not substrates for CYP450 enzymes, thus having no drug-drug interactions
- Cutaneous mycotic infections, caused by mold-like fungi, are commonly treated with squalene epoxidase inhibitors such as terbinafine, naftifine, and butenafine
- Squalene epoxidase inhibitors block the synthesis of ergosterol, leading to increased membrane permeability and cell death
- The majority of dermatophytosis, a type of cutaneous infection, is caused by Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton fungi
Antifungal Drugs Overview
- Amphotericin B is a naturally occurring polyene macrolide and the drug of choice for life-threatening mycoses.
- Its mechanism of action involves binding to ergosterol, forming pores, disrupting membrane function, and causing cell death.
- Amphotericin B resistance is related to ergosterol content and structure.
- The drug is water insoluble and is administered parenterally through slow IV infusion.
- Adverse effects of Amphotericin B include fever, chills, kidney failure, hypotension, anemia, and thrombophlebitis.
- Flucytosine (5-FC) is a synthetic pyrimidine with selective toxicity and is used in combination with other antifungal agents.
- It is well-absorbed orally, distributes throughout the body water, and penetrates the CSF.
- Azole antifungals, including imidazoles and triazoles, share a similar mechanism of action, but differ in PK properties and therapeutic use.
- Their mechanism of action involves reducing ergosterol synthesis and inhibiting 14 α-demethylase, leading to disrupted fungal membrane function and structure.
- Triazoles are administered systemically for the treatment or prophylaxis of cutaneous and systemic mycoses.
- Antifungal spectrum of Flucytosine is restricted and it is not used alone due to a high susceptibility of resistance.
- Adverse effects of Flucytosine include bone marrow toxicity, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and reversible hepatic dysfunction.
Antifungal Drugs: Pharmacological Overview
- Azole antifungals inhibit hepatic CYP450 3A4 isoenzyme, leading to drug interactions with medications metabolized by the same enzyme
- Azoles are teratogenic and should be avoided in pregnancy unless the benefit outweighs the risk to the fetus
- Fluconazole is the least active triazole with a spectrum limited to yeast and some dimorphic fungi
- Itraconazole has a broader spectrum than fluconazole and is the drug of choice for certain fungal infections
- Voriconazole, with a broad spectrum of activity, is the drug of choice for invasive aspergillosis but can cause visual and auditory hallucinations at high doses
- Echinocandins, the newest class of antifungal agents, act on the cell wall and have potent activity against Aspergillus and most Candida species
- Echinocandins may cause adverse effects such as fever, rash, and should be administered via a slow IV infusion to prevent histamine-like reactions
- Caspofungin is the first-line option for patients with invasive candidiasis and second-line option for invasive aspergillosis
- Micafungin and anidulafungin are first-line options for the treatment of invasive candidiasis and are not substrates for CYP450 enzymes, thus having no drug-drug interactions
- Cutaneous mycotic infections, caused by mold-like fungi, are commonly treated with squalene epoxidase inhibitors such as terbinafine, naftifine, and butenafine
- Squalene epoxidase inhibitors block the synthesis of ergosterol, leading to increased membrane permeability and cell death
- The majority of dermatophytosis, a type of cutaneous infection, is caused by Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton fungi
Antifungal Drugs: Pharmacological Overview
- Azole antifungals inhibit hepatic CYP450 3A4 isoenzyme, leading to drug interactions with medications metabolized by the same enzyme
- Azoles are teratogenic and should be avoided in pregnancy unless the benefit outweighs the risk to the fetus
- Fluconazole is the least active triazole with a spectrum limited to yeast and some dimorphic fungi
- Itraconazole has a broader spectrum than fluconazole and is the drug of choice for certain fungal infections
- Voriconazole, with a broad spectrum of activity, is the drug of choice for invasive aspergillosis but can cause visual and auditory hallucinations at high doses
- Echinocandins, the newest class of antifungal agents, act on the cell wall and have potent activity against Aspergillus and most Candida species
- Echinocandins may cause adverse effects such as fever, rash, and should be administered via a slow IV infusion to prevent histamine-like reactions
- Caspofungin is the first-line option for patients with invasive candidiasis and second-line option for invasive aspergillosis
- Micafungin and anidulafungin are first-line options for the treatment of invasive candidiasis and are not substrates for CYP450 enzymes, thus having no drug-drug interactions
- Cutaneous mycotic infections, caused by mold-like fungi, are commonly treated with squalene epoxidase inhibitors such as terbinafine, naftifine, and butenafine
- Squalene epoxidase inhibitors block the synthesis of ergosterol, leading to increased membrane permeability and cell death
- The majority of dermatophytosis, a type of cutaneous infection, is caused by Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton fungi
Antifungal Drugs: Pharmacological Overview
- Azole antifungals inhibit hepatic CYP450 3A4 isoenzyme, leading to drug interactions with medications metabolized by the same enzyme
- Azoles are teratogenic and should be avoided in pregnancy unless the benefit outweighs the risk to the fetus
- Fluconazole is the least active triazole with a spectrum limited to yeast and some dimorphic fungi
- Itraconazole has a broader spectrum than fluconazole and is the drug of choice for certain fungal infections
- Voriconazole, with a broad spectrum of activity, is the drug of choice for invasive aspergillosis but can cause visual and auditory hallucinations at high doses
- Echinocandins, the newest class of antifungal agents, act on the cell wall and have potent activity against Aspergillus and most Candida species
- Echinocandins may cause adverse effects such as fever, rash, and should be administered via a slow IV infusion to prevent histamine-like reactions
- Caspofungin is the first-line option for patients with invasive candidiasis and second-line option for invasive aspergillosis
- Micafungin and anidulafungin are first-line options for the treatment of invasive candidiasis and are not substrates for CYP450 enzymes, thus having no drug-drug interactions
- Cutaneous mycotic infections, caused by mold-like fungi, are commonly treated with squalene epoxidase inhibitors such as terbinafine, naftifine, and butenafine
- Squalene epoxidase inhibitors block the synthesis of ergosterol, leading to increased membrane permeability and cell death
- The majority of dermatophytosis, a type of cutaneous infection, is caused by Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton fungi
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Description
Test your knowledge of antifungal drugs with this pharmacological overview quiz. Learn about the spectrum of activity, drug interactions, and adverse effects of azole antifungals, echinocandins, and squalene epoxidase inhibitors. Explore the use of specific antifungal agents for different fungal infections and their impact during pregnancy.
