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Questions and Answers
Which type of anticoagulant is preferred for stroke prophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation?
Which anticoagulant is recommended for patients with moderate-to-severe mitral stenosis or a mechanical heart valve?
Which anticoagulant is recommended for VTE treatment in patients with cancer?
Which anticoagulant is recommended for VTE treatment in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome?
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What is the mechanism of action of direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs)?
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Which anticoagulant does not require laboratory monitoring for assessing efficacy?
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Which anticoagulant is the drug of choice for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)?
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Which anticoagulant is an oral direct thrombin inhibitor?
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When would fibrinolytics be appropriate for treatment?
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Which type of drug therapy is indicated for dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT)?
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Which of the following is the primary function of anticoagulants?
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What is the most common side effect of anticoagulants?
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What conditions are anticoagulants commonly used for?
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What is the term for a blood clot that travels to another location?
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Where are clotting factors primarily produced?
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What are the two pathways that lead to fibrin formation in the coagulation cascade?
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What is the primary purpose of anticoagulants in the coagulation process?
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What is the term for the stopping or slowing of blood flow?
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What is the term for the prevention of cardioembolic stroke?
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What are anticoagulants primarily used to do?
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Anticoagulants break down existing blood clots.
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Anticoagulants are high-alert medications due to their potential fatal side effect.
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The coagulation cascade involves activation of platelets and the clotting factors.
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True or false: Oral anticoagulants include warfarin, factor Xa inhibitors, and thrombin inhibitors.
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True or false: DOACs have less drug-drug interactions compared to warfarin.
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True or false: LMWH is recommended for VTE treatment in patients with cancer.
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True or false: Fibrinolytics are commonly used for treating DVT/PE.
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What is the primary organization that publishes guidelines for anticoagulation?
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What is the mechanism of action of warfarin?
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What is the difference between LMWH and unfractionated heparin in terms of factor Xa inhibition?
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What are the indications for using direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs)?
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What is the primary function of anticoagulants in the coagulation process?
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What are the two pathways that lead to fibrin formation in the coagulation cascade?
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What are the common conditions that anticoagulants are used for?
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Match the following anticoagulants with their primary usage:
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Match the following conditions with the recommended anticoagulant:
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Match the following drugs with their primary mechanism of action:
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Match the following statements with the correct terms from the text:
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Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
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Match the following conditions with the appropriate anticoagulant:
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Which of the following conditions can cause visible bleeding from the gums?
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What is the most likely cause of blood in emesis that appears as coffee-ground vomit?
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What is the most common cause of bloody diarrhea (dysentery)?
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True or false: Epistaxis is caused by dry nasal mucosa and nose-blowing?
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True or false: Bruising can be caused by physical abuse and chronic steroids?
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True or false: Hematuria can be caused by prostatitis and kidney disease?
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What are the common causes of visible bleeding from the gums?
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What are the possible causes of hematoma?
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What are the possible causes of blood in emesis?
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Match the following conditions with their potential causes of visible bleeding:
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Match the following types of visible bleeding with their potential causes:
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Match the following types of visible bleeding with their potential causes:
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Which of the following is the therapeutic range for aPTT when monitoring heparin therapy?
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Which of the following is NOT a side effect of heparin therapy?
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Which of the following is the antidote for heparin?
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Which of the following is the correct dosing regimen for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) with unfractionated heparin (UFH)?
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Which of the following is the correct onset of action for UFH?
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Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of UFH?
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True or false: Unfractionated heparin binds to antithrombin and inactivates thrombin and factor Xa?
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True or false: Unfractionated heparin is contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled active bleed or severe thrombocytopenia?
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True or false: Unfractionated heparin has a half-life of 1.5 hours?
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True or false: Heparin has a very short half-life?
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True or false: Heparin lock-flushes are used to keep IV lines open?
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True or false: Fatal errors occurred when the incorrect heparin strength was chosen?
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What are the possible side effects of long-term use of heparin?
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What is the therapeutic range for anti-Xa when monitoring heparin therapy?
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What is the antidote for heparin?
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What is the mechanism of action of unfractionated heparin (UFH)?
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What is the dosing regimen for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) with UFH?
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What is the correct onset of action for UFH?
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Match the following heparin monitoring parameters with their correct descriptions:
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Match the following heparin side effects with their correct descriptions:
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Match the following statements about heparin with their correct descriptions:
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Match the following conditions with the appropriate dosing regimen for unfractionated heparin (UFH):
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Match the following conditions with their appropriate anticoagulants:
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Match the following conditions with their appropriate initial dosing for unfractionated heparin (UFH):
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Which of the following is a potential side effect of unfractionated heparin (UFH)?
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Which of the following is NOT a recommended monitoring parameter for UFH?
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Which of the following is true about LMWH compared to UFH?
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Which factor is inactivated by low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs)?
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What is the dosing regimen for enoxaparin (Lovenox) in the treatment of STEMI for patients less than 75 years old?
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What is the recommended dosing regimen for dalteparin (Fragmin) in the treatment of UA/NSTEMI?
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True or false: LMWHs inactivate factor Xa and factor Ila by binding to AT?
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True or false: Enoxaparin has a greater anti-factor Xa activity than anti-factor Ila activity?
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True or false: Dalteparin is dosed at 2,500-5,000 units SC daily for prophylaxis of VTE?
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True or false: LMWH requires monitoring of anti-Xa levels in most cases?
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True or false: aPTT is used to monitor LMWH therapy?
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True or false: Protamine is the antidote for LMWH?
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What are the potential side effects and monitoring parameters for low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)?
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What are the differences between LMWH and unfractionated heparin (UFH) in terms of anticoagulant response, monitoring requirements, and administration?
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What are the potential drug interactions of UFH and LMWH?
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What is the dosing regimen for enoxaparin (Lovenox) in the treatment of STEMI for patients greater than or equal to 75 years old?
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What is the dosing regimen for dalteparin (Fragmin) in the treatment of UA/NSTEMI?
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What are the contraindications for the use of unfractionated heparin (UFH)?
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Match the following LMWH monitoring recommendations with their correct descriptions:
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Match the following LMWH administration instructions with their correct descriptions:
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Match the following LMWH characteristics with their correct descriptions:
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Match the following anticoagulants with their correct dosing regimens for the treatment of STEMI:
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Match the following anticoagulants with their correct dosing regimens for the treatment of VTE and UA/NSTEMI:
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Match the following anticoagulants with their correct dosing regimens for the prophylaxis of VTE:
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Which of the following is the primary cause of platelet activation in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)?
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What is the estimated incidence of HIT in patients exposed to heparin for more than four days?
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When does the typical onset of HIT occur after the start of heparin?
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Which of the following is the recommended anticoagulant for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)?
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At what platelet count should warfarin therapy be started?
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How long should warfarin be overlapped with a non-heparin anticoagulant?
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True or false: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune-mediated IgE drug reaction.
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True or false: HIT can lead to a prothrombotic state causing complications such as amputations and post-thrombotic syndrome.
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True or false: The estimated incidence of HIT is higher with a shorter duration of treatment.
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True or false: Warfarin use with a low platelet count has a high correlation with warfarin-induced limb gangrene and necrosis.
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True or false: In patients with HIT, non-heparin anticoagulants are recommended over heparin, LMWH, or vitamin K antagonists.
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True or false: Argatroban can increase the INR; the value must be interpreted cautiously.
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What is the recommended anticoagulant for patients with HIT?
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At what platelet count should warfarin therapy be started?
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What is the recommended dosing regimen for initiating warfarin therapy?
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What is the mechanism of action of heparin?
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What are the potential complications of untreated HIT?
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How is a diagnosis of HIT made?
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Match the following anticoagulants with their correct dosing regimens:
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Match the following platelet counts with the appropriate actions for warfarin therapy:
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Match the following anticoagulants with their recommended usage in patients with HIT:
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Match the following terms with their correct definitions in the context of Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT):
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Match the following conditions with the appropriate anticoagulant response in the context of Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT):
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Match the following conditions with the appropriate management strategies in the context of Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT):
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Which of the following is an indirect inhibitor of factor Xa?
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What is the recommended dose of apixaban for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in patients with at least 2 of the following: age greater than or equal to 80 years, bodyweight less than or equal to 60 kg, or SCr greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dl?
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What is the recommended dose of rivaroxaban for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)?
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Which of the following is the correct dosing regimen for rivaroxaban (Xarelto) in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)?
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Which of the following patients should avoid the use of rivaroxaban (Xarelto)?
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Which of the following anticoagulants should be taken with food for doses greater than or equal to 15 mg?
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Which of the following anticoagulants is not recommended for patients with a creatinine clearance (CrCl) greater than 95 ml/min?
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Factor Xa inhibitors are available only in injectable form.
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Apixaban is indicated for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).
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Rivaroxaban is taken once daily for the treatment of DVT and PE.
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True or false: Rivaroxaban doses greater than or equal to 15 mg must be taken with food.
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True or false: Edoxaban is not recommended for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients with a creatinine clearance (CrCI) greater than 95 ml/min.
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True or false: Premature discontinuation of apixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban increases the risk of thrombotic events.
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True or false: Active pathological bleeding is a contraindication for the use of all anticoagulants.
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What are the three direct factor Xa inhibitors mentioned in the text?
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What is the dosing regimen for apixaban in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)?
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What is the recommended dose of apixaban for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in patients with at least 2 of the following: age greater than or equal to 80 years, bodyweight less than or equal to 60 kg, or SCr greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dl?
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What is the dosing regimen for rivaroxaban in the treatment of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AFib) for patients with a creatinine clearance (CrCI) greater than 50 ml/min?
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What is the dosing regimen for edoxaban in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE)?
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What is the recommended dosing regimen for apixaban in combination with low-dose aspirin for the reduction of major cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) or peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
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What is the maximum creatinine clearance (CrCI) value at which edoxaban is not recommended for use in the treatment of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AFib)?
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Match the following anticoagulant dosing regimens with their corresponding conditions:
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Match the following anticoagulants with their contraindications:
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Match the following anticoagulants with their corresponding dosing considerations:
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Match the following anticoagulants with their corresponding side effects:
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Match the following anticoagulants with their correct dosing regimens for the prophylaxis of DVT (after knee/hip replacement):
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Match the following anticoagulants with their recommended usage in patients with Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT):
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Match the following anticoagulants with their correct dosing regimens for the treatment of DVT/PE:
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Which of the following is the correct dosing regimen for fondaparinux (Arixtra) in the prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients greater than or equal to 50 kg?
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What is the primary contraindication for the use of fondaparinux (Arixtra)?
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Which of the following is a potential side effect of fondaparinux (Arixtra)?
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True or false: Fondaparinux (Arixtra) is contraindicated for patients with severe renal impairment (CrCI < 30 mL/min)?
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True or false: Fondaparinux (Arixtra) is indicated for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)?
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True or false: Patients receiving neuraxial anesthesia or undergoing spinal puncture are at risk of hematomas and subsequent paralysis when taking Fondaparinux (Arixtra)?
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Name one contraindication for the use of fondaparinux (Arixtra) as an anticoagulant.
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What are the possible side effects of fondaparinux (Arixtra)?
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What precautions should be taken when administering fondaparinux (Arixtra)?
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Match the following dosages with the corresponding patients for the treatment of VTE with Fondaparinux (Arixtra):
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Match the following conditions with their corresponding dosing regimens for the treatment of VTE with Fondaparinux (Arixtra):
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Match the following weight ranges with the corresponding dosages for the prophylaxis of VTE with Fondaparinux (Arixtra):
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Which of the following drugs should be avoided when taking Factor Xa inhibitors due to the risk of bleeding?
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Which of the following drugs is a strong dual inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-gp?
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Which of the following drugs can increase exposure to Factor Xa inhibitors?
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Which oral anticoagulant should be used when the INR is less than or equal to 2.5?
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What should be done when converting from oral Xa inhibitors to warfarin?
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When converting from dabigatran to warfarin, when should warfarin be started?
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True or false: Apixaban is a substrate of CYP450 3A4 and P-gp?
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True or false: Rivaroxaban should not be used with strong dual inducers of CYP3A4 and P-gp?
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True or false: Edoxaban is a substrate of P-gp and should be avoided with rifampin?
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True or false: When converting from warfarin to another oral anticoagulant, the INR should be less than or equal to 2.5 for edoxaban.
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True or false: When converting from oral Xa inhibitors to warfarin, the Xa inhibitor should be overlapped with warfarin until the INR is therapeutic.
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True or false: When converting from dabigatran to warfarin, warfarin should be started 1-3 days before stopping dabigatran.
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True or false: When converting from warfarin to another oral anticoagulant, the INR should be less than 3 for rivaroxaban?
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True or false: When converting from warfarin to another oral anticoagulant, the INR should be less than or equal to 2.5 for edoxaban?
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True or false: When converting from warfarin to another oral anticoagulant, the INR should be less than 2 for apixaban?
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From warfarin to another oral anticoagulant, what is the recommended INR level for converting to rivaroxaban?
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From warfarin to another oral anticoagulant, what is the recommended INR level for converting to edoxaban?
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From warfarin to another oral anticoagulant, what is the recommended INR level for converting to apixaban?
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What are the potential drug interactions of Factor Xa inhibitors?
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What dose adjustment is recommended for apixaban when coadministered with strong dual inhibitors of CYP3A4 and P-gp?
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What precautions should be taken when using rivaroxaban with combined P-gp and strong CYP3A4 inducers or inhibitors?
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Match the following anticoagulants with their corresponding INR levels for conversion from warfarin:
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Match the following anticoagulant conversion scenarios with the correct instructions:
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Match the following anticoagulants with their corresponding conversion instructions to warfarin:
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Match the following Factor Xa inhibitors with their respective drug interaction considerations:
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Match the following drugs with their corresponding Factor Xa substrate:
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Match the following Factor Xa inhibitors with their dosing considerations:
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