Anticholinergic Effects and Neurotransmitters

<p>There is a high risk associated with their use in this population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has the potential for dependency and withdrawal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases action at serotonin receptors in the brain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be safely used in pregnancy without risks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increase action at serotonin receptors without sedative effects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide immediate relief while waiting for SSRIs or SNRIs to take effect. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dependence and withdrawal reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute narrow-angle glaucoma. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances GABA receptor activity to reduce anxiety. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lorazepam can accumulate to toxic levels in breastfed infants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antagonize acetylcholine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sexual dysfunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adverse effects in pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimal effect on dopamine reuptake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About 4 weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clonus and hyperreflexia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suicidal thoughts and behaviors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitor blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk of pancreatitis and hepatotoxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gingival hyperplasia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbamazepine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taper the dose gradually (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High protein foods can reduce therapeutic responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Donepezil (Aricept) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lamotrigine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CBC and liver function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MAOIs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dilantin is considered teratogenic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhancing quality of life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atomoxetine (Straterra) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dizziness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antipsychotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Withdrawal symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sertraline (Zoloft) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased seizure frequency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suicidal thoughts and behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trazodone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged QT interval (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of congenital cardiac malformations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased CNS side effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased energy and focus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bupropion (Wellbutrin) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High potential for respiratory depression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assessing for possible manic episodes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Side effects caused by drugs that block acetylcholine, a key neurotransmitter. These effects often include dry mouth, blurred vision, and difficulty urinating.

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; drugs that primarily increase serotonin levels in the brain by preventing its reabsorption.

Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors; drugs that increase the levels of both serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain by preventing their reabsorption.

A neurotransmitter playing a role in mood regulation, appetite, sleep, and other functions.

A neurotransmitter responsible for alertness, focus, and influencing blood pressure.

A potentially serious side effect of antidepressants, characterized by confusing symptoms including agitation, high body temperature, and tremors.

The total anticholinergic effect of all drugs a patient is taking.

Common side effects, including sexual dysfunction, insomnia, and weight changes, due to increased neurotransmitter levels.

Symptom relief typically takes several weeks for most antidepressants.

Antidepressants may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts, especially in young adults and children. Monitor closely and consult a professional.

Withdrawal symptoms (somatic and psychological) including electric shock sensations to the brain (transient).

Avoid using antidepressants as the only treatment for bipolar disorder patients, as it can trigger mania or hypomania.

Generally considered a safe antidepressant choice during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

May increase risk of congenital cardiac malformations in the first trimester and newborn persistent pulmonary hypertension during the third trimester.

May require dose reduction due to increased risk of adverse effects in individuals >65 years.

Norepinephrine and Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor (NDRI) with benefits in focus, appetite reduction, weight gain reduction and energy levels.

May increase seizure risk, especially at higher doses, in patients with pre-existing seizure disorders.

Serotonin modulator with sedative effects, often used off-label for insomnia.

Daytime drowsiness, hypotension, and increased bleeding risk (especially with blood thinners).

Closely monitor all patients, especially pediatric and young adults, for worsening symptoms, suicidal thoughts, and behaviors when taking antidepressants.

Potential concerns include weight gain, sexual dysfunction, and transient sleep disturbances.

Block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, used in cases of sleep difficulties and neuropathic pain.

Prolonged QT interval and cardiac dysrhythmias, particularly with overdose.

Patients on MAOIs need to follow a special diet excluding fermented or aged products (including meats, cheeses, and certain alcoholic beverages) due to risk of hypertensive crisis.

Essential to rule out bipolar disorder (risk of mania) before prescribing antidepressants and rule out hypothyroidism before initiating any medication.

Propranolol (Inderal) should be used cautiously in patients with conduction problems.

Combining SSRIs or SNRIs with MAOIs can lead to dangerous side effects like serotonin syndrome and hypertensive crisis.

Paxil use during pregnancy is not advisable and should be switched to a safer alternative or discontinued if pregnancy is suspected.

Benzodiazepines, especially long-acting ones, are associated with a high risk of adverse effects in elderly patients.

Using benzodiazepines during pregnancy can harm the developing fetus, with possible teratogenic effects observed in studies.

Drugs that reduce anxiety by enhancing the calming effects of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Stopping benzodiazepine use abruptly can be dangerous, causing seizures or life-threatening reactions.

An anxiolytic not part of the benzodiazepine class, that increases action at serotonin receptors, used as an adjunct treatment for anxiety, or when SSRIs aren't tolerated.

Indicated for chronic anxiety, not for PRN (as-needed) use. Often used as an adjunct to other anti-anxiety medications like SSRIs.

Avoid abrupt withdrawal; consider the potential risk of concomitant opioid use and chronic use risks of abuse and withdrawal.

Caution is advised when prescribing benzodiazepines to older adults, those with substance abuse issues, or patients with sleep apnea. Pregnancy and breastfeeding considerations exist.

Reduces arousal, aggression, anxiety, and excitatory effects in the nervous system. Benzodiazepines enhance GABA activity.

Various types of drugs manage anxiety including benzodiazepines, non-benzodiazepines like Buspirone, and alternative approaches like antihistamines.

Levodopa increases dopamine levels in the brain, reducing Parkinson's symptoms like tremors and stiffness.

High protein meals can reduce the effectiveness of Levodopa, making Parkinson's symptoms worse.

Aricept is a cholinesterase inhibitor used to treat mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. It enhances communication between brain cells by preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine.

Namenda is an NMDA receptor antagonist used for moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. It blocks excessive glutamate activity, protecting brain cells from damage.

The main goal of Parkinson's treatment is to improve quality of life by managing symptoms, not necessarily to cure the disease.

Carbidopa helps Levodopa reach the brain by preventing its breakdown in the body, making it more effective in treating Parkinson's symptoms.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) should not be taken with Levodopa, as this combination can lead to a dangerous increase in blood pressure, known as a hypertensive crisis

Antipsychotics can interfere with the effectiveness of Levodopa, making Parkinson's symptoms worse.

Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are often the initial treatment choice for depression. These medications are known to increase both serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain, but they may also cause an increase in blood pressure. Regular monitoring is important.

First-generation antipsychotics are older medications used to treat psychosis. They can have side effects like blood cell abnormalities (CBC), electrolyte imbalances, and liver problems. These effects need to be monitored.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a common first-line treatment for depression. Generally, regular monitoring is not needed with these medications.

Carbamazepine, commonly known as Tegretol, is used for various conditions including seizures and bipolar disorder. It's a CYP inducer, meaning it can interact with other medications and reduce their effectiveness like oral contraceptives and folic acid. It also interacts with grapefruit juice, which increases Tegretol levels in the body. It carries a serious risk of skin reactions like TEN and SJS.

Valproic Acid, marketed as Depakote, is used for treating seizures and bipolar disorder. It can lead to an increase in neural tube defects in babies during pregnancy and has a risk of pancreatitis, liver toxicity, and is teratogenic.

Lamotrigine, known as Lamictal, is used for managing seizures and bipolar disorder. Interactions exist when used with oral contraceptives and carbapenem antibiotics. It can also cause severe skin rashes, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS).

Phenytoin, or Dilantin, is an antiepileptic drug (AED) used for seizures. It has side effects such as hepatitis, blood disorders, gum overgrowth, suicidal thoughts, and potentially serious skin reactions. It interacts with many other drugs due to its effect on the CYP system. A high-protein diet can reduce its absorption.

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can interfere with the effectiveness of many contraceptive methods. Therefore, it's recommended to use progestin-only forms of birth control, such as progestin-only pills, injections, implants, or intrauterine devices (IUDs).