134 Questions
What are the goals of treatment for cancer?
Control of disease and prevention of relapse
What is the recommended approach for minimizing resistance and relapse in cancer treatment?
Combination therapy with intermittent scheduling
How is the dosage of anticancer drugs determined?
Based on the patient's body surface
What are the common toxicities associated with anticancer drugs?
Severe vomiting, stomatitis, and bone marrow suppression
Combination therapy is less successful in cancer treatment.
False
The goals of cancer treatment include cure and control of disease.
True
Resistance and relapse can be minimized by short term, intensive, intermittent therapy and combination.
True
Anticancer drugs only cause minor side effects like mild nausea.
False
Which phase of the cell cycle do antimetabolites specifically target?
S phase
What is the primary mode of action of antimetabolites in interfering with cancer cell growth?
Preventing DNA replication
Which compound is an example of an antimetabolite drug used in cancer treatment?
Methotrexate
What is the primary mode of action of Methotrexate (MTX) as an anticancer drug?
Inhibits DHFR; inhibits TS; inhibits de novo purine nucleotide synthesis
Which route of administration is used for Methotrexate (MTX)?
Orally, intravenously, intramuscularly
How is renal toxicity associated with Methotrexate (MTX) minimized?
Ensuring adequate hydration and alkalization of urine
What are the common adverse effects associated with Methotrexate (MTX) as an anticancer drug?
Mucositis, diarrhea, myelosuppression with neutropenia and thrombocytopenia
Methotrexate is an antimetabolite drug that affects the activation of folic acid.
True
Methotrexate inhibits de novo purine nucleotide synthesis.
True
Methotrexate is primarily excreted via feces.
False
The adverse effects of Methotrexate may include mucositis and myelosuppression.
True
What is the primary mode of action of 5 Fluorouracil (5 FU) as an anticancer drug?
Inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS)
For which type of cancer is 5 Fluorouracil (5 FU) commonly used?
Colorectal cancer
What is the mechanism of action of 5 Fluorouracil (5 FU) that results in thymineless death?
Incorporation of FdUTP into DNA resulting in inhibition of DNA synthesis
5 Fluorouracil (5 FU) inhibits thymidylate synthase, leading to thymineless death.
True
5 Fluorouracil (5 FU) is commonly used in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
False
The primary mode of action of antimetabolites is inhibiting DNA synthesis and function.
True
What is the primary mode of action of 5 Fluorouracil (5 FU) as an anticancer drug?
Inhibiting thymidylate synthase
How is elevated dihdropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activity likely to affect the bioavailability of 5 Fluorouracil (5 FU)?
Increase 5 FU catabolism and decrease bioavailability
Which adverse effect is commonly associated with 5 Fluorouracil (5 FU) as an anticancer drug?
Mucositis
What is the primary mode of action of doxorubicin as an anticancer drug?
Inhibition of DNA replication
How is doxorubicin primarily administered to patients?
Intravenous
What is the mechanism of action of bleomycin as an anticancer drug?
oxidation of DNA bleomycin Fe 2 + to bleomycin Fe 3 + superoxide or hydroxyl radicals
Which type of cancer is doxorubicin commonly used to treat?
Breast cancer
Doxorubicin primarily acts by binding to DNA and inducing single and double strand DNA breaks.
True
Anticancer bleomycin is cell cycle specific in their mode of action.
True
Bleomycin inhibits topoisomerases I and II in cancer cells.
False
Doxorubicin is primarily administered orally to patients.
False
What is the primary route of excretion for Doxorubicin?
Excretion through bile
Which adverse effect is specifically associated with Doxorubicin?
Cardiotoxicity
What is the primary mode of metabolism for Doxorubicin?
Hepatic metabolism
What is the primary route of excretion for Bleomycin?
Urine
Which adverse effect is commonly associated with Bleomycin as an anticancer drug?
Pulmonary fibrosis
What is the primary mode of action of Bleomycin as an anticancer drug?
Oxidation of DNA by producing superoxide or hydroxyl radicals
Bleomycin is primarily excreted in feces.
False
The adverse effects of Bleomycin may include pulmonary fibrosis.
True
Bleomycin inhibits topoisomerases I and II in cancer cells.
False
What is the primary mode of action of alkylating agents as anticancer drugs?
Interfering with cancer cell growth by inhibiting DNA synthesis and function
Which type of cancer cells do alkylating agents affect?
Both resting and cycling cells
What adverse effect is commonly associated with alkylating agents as anticancer drugs?
Acute leukemia
Alkylating agents primarily affect resting cells rather than cycling cells.
True
Bleomycin is primarily excreted via feces.
False
Combination therapy has been found to be less successful in cancer treatment.
False
What adverse effect is commonly associated with alkylating agents as anticancer drugs?
Amenorrhea
What is the primary route of excretion for Cyclophosphamide metabolites?
Urine
How is hemorrhagic cystitis, a common adverse effect of Cyclophosphamide, minimized?
By hydration and IV mesna
Cyclophosphamide can be administered both orally and intravenously with the same efficacy.
True
The adverse effects of Cyclophosphamide may include alopecia and amenorrhea.
True
The primary route of excretion for Bleomycin is through feces.
False
What are the common adverse effects associated with Lomustine as an anticancer drug?
Myelosuppression and pulmonary toxicity
How is renal toxicity associated with Carmustine minimized?
By reducing the dosage of Carmustine
What is the primary mode of action of Nitrosoureas like carmustine and lomustine as anticancer drugs?
Inhibiting DNA synthesis and function
Which alkylating agent is excreted in urine and has metabolites that are also active, such as streptozocin?
Lomustine
What is the primary mode of action of Nitrosoureas like carmustine and lomustine as anticancer drugs?
Interfering with topoisomerases I and II
How is renal toxicity associated with Carmustine minimized?
By excreting in urine
What is the primary route of administration for oxaliplatin?
Intravenous
Which type of cancer is carboplatin commonly used to treat?
Lung cancer
How is oxaliplatin excreted from the body?
Urine
Alkylating agents like cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin are excreted through the feces.
False
Oxaliplatin can be administered intravenously (IV) and intraperitoneally (IP).
False
Carboplatin is used when the patient is prone to neuro or ototoxicity.
True
Which alkylating agent is specifically associated with cold-induced peripheral neuropathy?
Oxaliplatin
Which alkylating agent is primarily known for its mild gastrointestinal toxicity and rare nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and ototoxicity?
Carboplatin
Which alkylating agent is associated with adverse effects such as nausea/vomiting, myelosuppression, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and ototoxicity?
Oxaliplatin
What is the primary mode of action of vinca alkaloids and taxane family as anticancer drugs?
Affecting the equilibrium between polymerized and depolymerized forms of microtubules
How are vinca alkaloids (vincristine (VX), vinblastine (VBL), vinorelbine (VRB)) and taxane family (paclitaxel) commonly administered?
Through IV route
What is the primary route of administration for microtubule inhibitors like paclitaxel and vinblastine?
Intravenously
Vinca alkaloids and taxane family drugs are commonly administered through the oral route.
False
Anticancer drugs primarily cause only minor side effects like mild nausea.
False
Methotrexate is primarily excreted via feces.
False
What is the primary mode of action of vinca alkaloids as anticancer drugs?
Inhibition of mitosis through tubulin polymerization
Which adverse effect is specifically associated with vinca alkaloids as anticancer drugs?
Phlebitis
How are vinca alkaloids metabolized and eliminated from the body?
Metabolized in the liver and eliminated in bile and feces
Vinca alkaloids primarily inhibit tubulin polymerization to induce mitosis in cells.
False
Anticancer drugs like Vinca alkaloids are primarily metabolized in the kidneys.
False
The common adverse effects of Vinca alkaloids include phlebitis, nausea, and vomiting.
True
What is the primary route of excretion for vinblastine (VBL) among the listed options?
Feces
What is the most common adverse effect associated with vinorelbine (VRB) among the listed options?
Granulocytopenia
Which type of cancer is vincristine (VX) primarily used to treat from the given options?
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Which type of cancer is vinorelbine (VRB) commonly used to treat?
Lung cancer
What type of neoplasms are microtubule inhibitors like VX primarily used for?
Leukemia
Metastatic testicular carcinoma and systemic Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas are commonly treated using which drug?
Vinblastine (VBL)
What is the primary mode of action of microtubule inhibitors like docetaxel and paclitaxel?
Promoting polymerization and stabilization of the polymer
What is the primary route of metabolism for taxane family drugs like docetaxel and paclitaxel?
Liver
Which adverse effect is commonly associated with microtubule inhibitors like docetaxel and paclitaxel?
Neutropenia
What is the mechanism of action of Camptothecins such as irinotecan and topotecan?
Inhibition of topoisomerase I
For which condition is topotecan commonly used?
Metastatic ovarian cancer as primary therapy
In combination therapy, how is irinotecan primarily used for the treatment of colorectal carcinoma?
With 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin
Which adverse effect is commonly associated with etoposide as an anticancer drug?
Alopecia and leukopenia
What is the primary mode of action of topoisomerase II inhibitors like irinotecan and topotecan?
Blocking cells in the late S to G2 phase
Which type of cancer is etoposide commonly used to treat?
Lung cancer
Etoposide primarily blocks cells in the late S to G 2 phase of the cell cycle.
True
The adverse effects of topotecan include myelosuppression and diarrhea.
True
The primary route of administration for etoposide is intravenous (IV) or oral.
True
Which type of tumors sensitive to steroid hormones may be both hormone responsive and hormone dependent?
Adenocarcinomas
Which agent is used for the treatment of hormone dependent tumors by targeting intracellular receptors?
Aromatase inhibitor
What type of drugs are used for the treatment of hormone dependent tumors that are sensitive to steroid hormones?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs
What is the primary mode of action of tamoxifen?
Competes with estrogen on receptor in breast tissue
In which type of cancer is tamoxifen considered as first-line therapy?
Breast cancer
What is the dual role of tamoxifen in bone and endometrium, respectively?
Antagonist in bone tissue / agonist in endometrium
What is the primary mode of action of tamoxifen?
Competes with estrogen on receptor in breast tissue
What is the primary route of metabolism for taxane family drugs like docetaxel and paclitaxel?
Metabolized in the liver and eliminated via feces
Which adverse effect is specifically associated with Doxorubicin?
Nausea and red urine
How is hemorrhagic cystitis, a common adverse effect of Cyclophosphamide, minimized?
minimized by hydration and IV
Tamoxifen is an estrogen antagonist in breast tissue and an agonist in bone and endometrium.
True
Tamoxifen is primarily metabolized in the kidneys.
False
Tamoxifen can cause adverse effects such as hot flashes, skin rashes, and thromboembolism.
True
Tamoxifen is primarily used for the treatment of metastatic testicular carcinoma and systemic Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
False
Which type of cancer is the primary target for aromatase inhibitors like anastrozole and letrozole?
Breast cancer
How are aromatase inhibitors like anastrozole and letrozole primarily eliminated from the body?
Metabolized in liver and eliminated in urine
Which of the following is NOT a predisposition associated with the use of aromatase inhibitors like anastrozole and letrozole?
Endometrial cancer
Aromatase inhibitors decrease the production of estrogen in premenopausal women.
False
Aromatase inhibitors are primarily eliminated through feces.
False
Aromatase inhibitors are the first-line therapy for breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
True
Which adverse effects are specifically associated with antiandrogens used in the treatment of prostate cancer?
Impotence, hot flashes, gynecomastia
What is the primary route of administration for GnRH analogs used in the treatment of prostatic cancer?
Subcutaneously or intramuscularly
Which adverse effects are specifically associated with anticancer drugs like GnRH analogs?
Impotence, hot flashes, tumor flare
GnRH analogs like leuprolide, goserelin, and triptorelin are primarily used for the treatment of breast cancer.
False
Antiandrogens like flutamide, nilutamide, and bicalutamide compete with natural hormones to bind on the androgen receptor.
True
The primary adverse effect of antiandrogens is constipation.
False
Antibodies such as bevacizumab and cetuximab bind to receptors or ligands in tumor cells. (True/False)
True
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors inhibit ligand activity in receptors. (True/False)
False
Resistance and relapse can be minimized by long-term, continuous therapy and single drug treatment. (True/False)
False
What is the primary mode of action of tyrosine kinase inhibitors used in targeted therapy for cancer?
Binding to receptors or ligands in tumor cells
Which type of cancer is commonly treated with antibodies like bevacizumab and cetuximab as part of targeted therapy?
Lung cancer
What is the primary route of excretion for antibodies used in targeted therapy for cancer?
Biliary excretion
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