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Questions and Answers
What is the role of B lymphocytes in adaptive immunity?
What is the role of B lymphocytes in adaptive immunity?
- Producing antibodies that protect against intracellular pathogens
- Triggering broad immune responses against common structural features on microorganisms
- Producing antibodies that protect against extracellular antigens (correct)
- Displaying antigen-specific receptors on their surface to defend against viruses
What is the function of T lymphocytes (T cells) in adaptive immunity?
What is the function of T lymphocytes (T cells) in adaptive immunity?
- Triggering broad immune responses against common structural features on microorganisms
- Producing antibodies that protect against intracellular pathogens
- Producing antibodies that protect against extracellular antigens
- Displaying antigen-specific receptors on their surface to defend against intracellular pathogens (correct)
What is the key factor in the specificity of adaptive immunity?
What is the key factor in the specificity of adaptive immunity?
- The number of clones produced after antigen exposure
- Presence of immunogens in the body
- Activation of antigen-reactive cells
- Lymphocyte receptors interacting with individual antigens (correct)
What is the result of the first antigen exposure in terms of memory?
What is the result of the first antigen exposure in terms of memory?
Which type of cells directly kill cells displaying surface foreign antigens?
Which type of cells directly kill cells displaying surface foreign antigens?
What is the role of T-helper-1 subset?
What is the role of T-helper-1 subset?
What induces inflammation in the immune response?
What induces inflammation in the immune response?
What is required for T-cell interaction with a foreign antigen?
What is required for T-cell interaction with a foreign antigen?
What is responsible for the diversity of T cell receptors?
What is responsible for the diversity of T cell receptors?
Which cells play a crucial role in B lymphocyte activation and antibody production?
Which cells play a crucial role in B lymphocyte activation and antibody production?
What do T-cytotoxic cells release for target cell lysis?
What do T-cytotoxic cells release for target cell lysis?
What type of cells produce and release cytokines that activate the adaptive immune response?
What type of cells produce and release cytokines that activate the adaptive immune response?
Which type of immunity is achieved through the injection of antibodies or antigen-reactive T cells?
Which type of immunity is achieved through the injection of antibodies or antigen-reactive T cells?
What is the term for the ability to discriminate between self and nonself antigens, with failure leading to autoimmunity?
What is the term for the ability to discriminate between self and nonself antigens, with failure leading to autoimmunity?
Which cells have surface antibodies that bind to antigens, leading to the production of plasma cells and memory cells?
Which cells have surface antibodies that bind to antigens, leading to the production of plasma cells and memory cells?
What triggers a stronger and faster secondary immune response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen?
What triggers a stronger and faster secondary immune response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen?
What is the term for substances that react with antibodies or T cell receptors?
What is the term for substances that react with antibodies or T cell receptors?
What confers immunity through vaccination with killed or weakened pathogens?
What confers immunity through vaccination with killed or weakened pathogens?
What is the term for the ability of antibodies to bind to toxins or viruses to neutralize them?
What is the term for the ability of antibodies to bind to toxins or viruses to neutralize them?
Which cells are eliminated through clonal deletions during T cell selection in the thymus?
Which cells are eliminated through clonal deletions during T cell selection in the thymus?
What is affected by size, complexity, physical form, dose, and route of exposure in terms of eliciting an immune response?
What is affected by size, complexity, physical form, dose, and route of exposure in terms of eliciting an immune response?
Where does positive and negative selection take place during B cell selection?
Where does positive and negative selection take place during B cell selection?
What do antibodies interact with distinct portions of antigens called?
What do antibodies interact with distinct portions of antigens called?
What is achieved through exposure to an antigen, leading to the development of immunological memory?
What is achieved through exposure to an antigen, leading to the development of immunological memory?
Which class of immunoglobulins is mostly produced during the primary antibody response?
Which class of immunoglobulins is mostly produced during the primary antibody response?
What is the major function of MHC Class II proteins?
What is the major function of MHC Class II proteins?
What mechanisms contribute to generating antibody diversity?
What mechanisms contribute to generating antibody diversity?
What determines antibody binding?
What determines antibody binding?
What is the primary function of MHC I proteins?
What is the primary function of MHC I proteins?
What is the role of IgG in the secondary antibody response?
What is the role of IgG in the secondary antibody response?
How many possible antibodies are generated through reassortment and hypermutation?
How many possible antibodies are generated through reassortment and hypermutation?
What process constructs immunoglobulin genes from several gene segments?
What process constructs immunoglobulin genes from several gene segments?
How does MHC II proteins interact with T cell receptors?
How does MHC II proteins interact with T cell receptors?
What generates antibody diversity by varying the amino acid sequence?
What generates antibody diversity by varying the amino acid sequence?
Which class of immunoglobulins is primarily found in secretions such as tears and breast milk?
Which class of immunoglobulins is primarily found in secretions such as tears and breast milk?
What is the function of IgE in the immune system?
What is the function of IgE in the immune system?
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Study Notes
Antibody Structure and Diversity, MHC, and Antigen Presentation
- Antibodies have billions of different antigen-binding sites for different antigens
- IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD are different classes of immunoglobulins with distinct functions and locations
- Primary antibody response produces short-lived plasma cells, mostly IgM, while secondary response is quicker and produces mostly IgG
- Variable domains and antigen-antibody interaction determine antibody binding
- Mechanisms of generating antibody diversity include somatic recombination, random reassortment, coding for joint diversity, and hypermutation
- Gene rearrangement by somatic recombination constructs immunoglobulin genes from several gene segments
- Reassortment and hypermutation generate over 3.3 million possible antibodies
- Imprecise VDJ joining generates antibody diversity by varying the amino acid sequence
- MHC Class I and Class II proteins present antigens to T-cytotoxic and T-helper cells, respectively
- MHC I proteins present internal antigens to T-cytotoxic cells and are the major antigen barriers for tissue transplant
- MHC II proteins present antigens to T-helper cells and stimulate immune responses
- Antigen presentation by MHC I and MHC II proteins involves peptide fragment binding and interaction with T cell receptors, leading to immune responses
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