Ch 18 Immune System
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Questions and Answers

What happens to antigens during precipitation?

  • They lose their structure.
  • They become more toxic.
  • They become more soluble.
  • They clump together. (correct)

    • What is the primary function of helper T-cells?

  • To inhibit plasma cells and killer T-cells.
  • To directly attack the antigen.
  • To release lymphokines to facilitate plasma cells. (correct)
  • To differentiate into memory T-cells.

    • What is the result of opsonization?

  • Cell membranes rupture.
  • Antigens become more susceptible to phagocytosis. (correct)
  • Macrophages are attracted to the site.
  • Toxic properties of antigens are lost.

    • What type of T-cell releases cytokines to enhance killer T-cells?

    <p>Helper T-cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of chemotaxis?

    <p>To attract macrophages and neutrophils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of suppressor T-cells?

    <p>To inhibit plasma cells, killer T-cells, and helper T-cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to antigens during agglutination?

    <p>They clump together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of complement system activation?

    <p>Inflammation is promoted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nonspecific resistance in the body?

    <p>To provide a general defense mechanism against foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanical factor of the first line of body defense?

    <p>Keratin protein and stratified squamous epithelium in the epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interferons in the body's defense?

    <p>To allow neighboring cells to be immune to viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased capillary permeability during inflammation?

    <p>Edema and swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysozymes in the body's defense?

    <p>To break down antigens into smaller pieces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the complement system in the body's defense?

    <p>To enhance other immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the second line of body defense?

    <p>To break down antigens into smaller pieces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of nonspecific resistance?

    <p>It is quickly activated and short-term</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of lymphatic capillaries?

    <p>To reabsorb excessive tissue fluid and transport it through the lymphatic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of lymph?

    <p>Mainly water, electrolytes, and some small plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lymph nodes?

    <p>To produce and store large numbers of lymphocytes and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are lymph nodes typically found?

    <p>Mainly in the neck, armpits, and abdominal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the valves in lymphatic vessels?

    <p>To prevent backflow of lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the duct that returns lymph from the body to the left subclavian vein?

    <p>Thoracic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the specialized lymphatic organs attached to lymphatic vessels?

    <p>Lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the lymphatic system?

    <p>To produce, mature, and store lymphocytes and macrophages for body defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of direct attack by antibodies?

    <p>Agglutination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a result of activation of the complement system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is mediated by T-cells?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>To present antigens to T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of killer T-cells in the immune response?

    <p>To directly attack the antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of helper T-cells in the immune response?

    <p>To release cytokines to enhance killer T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of neutralization by antibodies?

    <p>Loss of toxic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of memory T-cells in the immune response?

    <p>To retain specific antigen receptors for future attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the antigen after macrophage engulfs it?

    <p>The antigen is broken down by lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do lymphocytes recognize as 'nonself' after birth?

    <p>Only foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates immune responses in antigens?

    <p>Recognition of nonself foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to B-cells when an antigen is detected?

    <p>They become activated B-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a B-cell after it binds with an antigen?

    <p>It differentiates into plasma cells and memory B-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule is typically found on the outer walls of microorganisms?

    <p>Protein or polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antibody-mediated immunity?

    <p>To recognize nonself foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antibodies synthesized by plasma cells?

    <p>To combine with antigen-bearing agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein do antibodies belong to?

    <p>Globular protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of antigen recognition by lymphocytes?

    <p>Immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunoglobulin is found in exocrine gland secretions and defends against bacterial cells and viruses?

    <p>IgA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antigens in immune responses?

    <p>To stimulate immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of IgD?

    <p>To cause B-cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of plasma cells?

    <p>To secrete antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to B-cells after they encounter an antigen that fits their antigen receptors?

    <p>They become activated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of IgE?

    <p>To promote allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to antigens from digested antigen-bearing agents?

    <p>They are displayed on the surface of the membrane of an accessory cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the proliferation of B cells?

    <p>Cytokines released by activated helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of antibody secretion by plasma cells?

    <p>Combination with antigen-bearing agents, helping to destroy them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of interferons?

    <p>Block viral replication and stimulate macrophages to engulf viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is acquired through exposure to live pathogens?

    <p>Naturally acquired active immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cytokines synthesized by T-cells enhance?

    <p>Certain cellular responses to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of colony-stimulating factors?

    <p>Stimulate bone marrow to produce lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interleukin II?

    <p>Stimulate synthesis of cytokines and cause T-cells to proliferate and activate cytotoxic T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is acquired when a person is injected with a vaccine composed of weakened or dead pathogens?

    <p>Artificially acquired active immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced by the immune system in response to a vaccine composed of weakened or dead pathogens?

    <p>Lymphocytes and antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is acquired when a person receives antibodies from another person, such as from mother to fetus?

    <p>Naturally acquired passive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is acquired when a person is injected with a vaccine composed of antibodies for a particular antigen?

    <p>Artificially acquired passive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of resistance provided by artificially acquired passive immunity?

    <p>About 2-3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of resistance provided by naturally acquired passive immunity?

    <p>Up to about 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced by the immune system in response to an influenza virus?

    <p>Lymphocytes and antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is composed of weakened or dead pathogens?

    <p>Vaccine composed of weakened or dead pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Antibody Structure

    • No information provided

    Actions of Antibodies

    • Direct attack: agglutination, precipitation, neutralization, and activation of complement
    • Agglutination: antigens clump together
    • Precipitation: antigens become insoluble
    • Neutralization: antigens lose toxic properties
    • Activation of complement: opsonization, chemotaxis, inflammation, and lysis

    Mechanism of Antibody Action

    • No information provided

    Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI)

    • T-cells mature in the thymus gland and become activated T-cells when an antigen is detected
    • Activated T-cells bind to antigen using specific receptors
    • Activated T-cells differentiate into:
      • Killer T-cells (directly attack antigen)
      • Helper T-cells (release lymphokines and cytokines to facilitate plasma cells and enhance killer T-cells)
      • Memory T-cells (retain specific antigen receptors for future attack)
      • Suppressor T-cells (inhibit plasma cells, killer T-cells, and helper T-cells when antigen is destroyed)

    Major Types of T Cells

    • No information provided

    T Cell Activity

    • Antigen-bearing agents enter tissues
    • Accessory cells (macrophages) phagocytize antigen-bearing agents and digest them in lysosomes
    • Nonspecific (innate) resistance: a general defense mechanism against foreign substances, quickly activated but short-term and unable to recognize or remember antigens

    First Line of Body Defense

    • Consists of skin and mucous membrane
    • Includes mechanical and chemical factors, such as keratin protein and stratified squamous epithelium in skin, and sebum and sweat in dermis

    Second Line of Body Defense

    • Consists of antimicrobial substances that degenerate or break up antigens
    • Includes interferons, lysozymes, and complement proteins

    Complement Activation

    • No information provided

    Third Line of Body Defense

    • Consists of inflammation and phagocytosis
    • Inflammation: an autonomic response by body tissues when attacked by an antigen, producing 4 major symptoms:
      • Redness (due to vasodilatation)
      • Swelling (due to increased capillary permeability)
      • Heat (due to hyperemia)
      • Pain (not mentioned)

    Functions of the Lymphatic System

    • Lymphatic capillaries reabsorb excessive tissue fluid and transport it through the lymphatic pathway
    • Lymphatic capillaries absorb certain fatty acids in the small intestine
    • Lymphatic system consists of tissues and organs that produce, mature, and store lymphocytes and macrophages for body defense
    • Lymph flows from lymphatic vessels into lymphatic trunks, and finally into collecting ducts, which dispose it into the subclavian veins

    Anatomy of the Immune System

    • No information provided

    Lymphatic Vessels

    • Structurally identical to veins, with 3 thin layers of tissue and valves to prevent backflow
    • Form specialized lymphatic organs called lymph nodes, which store macrophages and lymphocytes to eliminate foreign substances in the lymph
    • Collecting ducts: formed by the convergence of larger lymphatic vessels, draining lymph fluid back to the blood

    Lymph Nodes

    • Specialized lymphatic organs attached to lymphatic vessels, producing and storing large numbers of lymphocytes and macrophages for body defense
    • Found mainly in the neck, armpits, and abdominal cavity (attached to the mesentery membrane of the intestines)

    Antibody Structure

    • Antibodies are globular proteins called immunoglobulin (Ig)
    • There are five classes of immunoglobulin: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE

    Actions of Antibodies

    • Direct attack on antigens
    • Agglutination: antigens clump together
    • Precipitation: antigens become insoluble
    • Neutralization: antigens lose toxic properties
    • Activation of complement: a set of enzymes that attack antigens
    • Opsonization: alters cell membranes, making them susceptible to phagocytosis
    • Chemotaxis: attracts macrophages and neutrophils to the region
    • Inflammation: promotes local tissue changes to prevent the spread of antigens
    • Lysis: cell membranes rupture

    Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI)

    • T-cells mature in the thymus gland and become activated when an antigen is detected
    • Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) find the antigen and bring it to the activated T-cells
    • Activated T-cells bind to the antigen using specific receptors
    • Activated T-cells differentiate into:
      • Killer T-cells: directly attack the antigen
      • Helper T-cells: release lymphokines to facilitate plasma cells in AMI and release cytokines to enhance killer T-cells
      • Memory T-cells: retain specific antigen receptors for future attack of the same antigen
      • Suppressor T-cells: inhibit plasma cells, killer T-cells, and helper T-cells when the antigen is destroyed

    T Cell Activity

    • Antigen-bearing agents enter tissues
    • Accessory cells, such as macrophages, phagocytize the antigen-bearing agent and digest it
    • Activated T-cells bind to the antigen using specific receptors and differentiate into various types

    B-Lymphocytes

    • Antibody production:
      • Activated B-cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells and memory B-cells
      • Plasma cells synthesize and secrete antibodies
      • Antibodies combine with antigen-bearing agents, helping to destroy them

    Phagocytosis

    • Adhesion: macrophages bind to the antigen
    • Ingestion: macrophages engulf the antigen using endocytosis
    • Digestion: lysosomes in macrophages release lysozymes and break down the antigen
    • Excretion: macrophages discard the degenerated antigen using exocytosis

    Specific (Adaptive) Resistance

    • Highly specific body defense mechanisms that can recognize, destroy, and remember the antigen
    • Lymphocytes recognize foreign substances as antigens because they recognize all cells in the body as "self" before birth
    • Antigens are usually proteins or polysaccharides on the outer walls of microorganisms

    Antibody-Mediated Immunity (AMI)

    • Activated B-cells look for the antigen and bind to it using their receptors
    • Helper T-cells release cytokines when they encounter a B cell that has previously combined with an identical antigen-bearing agent
    • Cytokines stimulate the B cells to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies

    Cytokines

    • Cytokines are polypeptides synthesized and secreted by T-cells to enhance certain cellular responses to antigens
    • Types of cytokines:
      • Colony-stimulating factors: stimulate bone marrow to produce lymphocytes
      • Interferons: block viral replication, stimulate macrophages to engulf viruses, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, and attack cancer cells
      • Interleukins: control lymphocyte differentiation and growth
      • Tumor necrosis factor: stops tumor growth, releases growth factors, causes fever, and stimulates lymphocyte differentiation

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    Description

    This quiz covers the structure of antibodies and their actions in the immune system, including direct attack, agglutination, precipitation, neutralization, and activation of complement.

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