Antibodies and Serum Electrophoresis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a key focus of Food Microbiologists?

Conducting bioremediation of environmental problems

Studying the impact of microbes on food supply (correct)

Analyzing the microbial structure of viruses

Exploring the origins of microorganisms

What distinguishes Prokaryotes from Eukaryotes in terms of cellular structure?

Eukaryotes are unicellular organisms

Prokaryotes lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles (correct)

Prokaryotes are multicellular organisms

Eukaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles

What are viruses composed of?

A nucleic acid and protein (correct)

A nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Mitochondria and cytoplasm

Cell wall and chloroplasts

What is the process of converting carbon dioxide to organic material with the help of light called?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of parasites among microorganisms?

They damage the host they live on or in Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of microbiology is concerned with microbial diversity?

Microbial Diversity Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the gamma (γ) band in electrophoresis of globulin?

Primarily IgG Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are involved in the primary response to an antigen?

Plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of monoclonal antibodies?

They have a single specificity for antigen Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T cell is involved in destroying foreign or abnormal cells?

Cytotoxic T cells Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the secondary response to an antigen?

Gradual increase in antibody titer with production of IgG Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of T helper cells?

Regulating immune reaction to antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location where natural killer cells circulate?

Spleen Signup and view all the answers

Cell-mediated immunity requires direct involvement of which type of lymphocytes?

T lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What do T cells secrete that act on other cells in cell-mediated immunity?

Cytokines Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T cells proliferate into long-lasting memory T cells upon sensitization?

Memory T cells Signup and view all the answers

What drastic consequences can occur as a result of T cell reaction to superantigens?

Toxic shock Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of selective media in microbiology?

Inhibits the growth of some microbes and encourages the growth of desired microbes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between solid and liquid media?

Solid media provides a firm surface for colony formation while liquid media does not Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of differential media in microbiology?

Allows growth of several types of microbes with visible differences among them Signup and view all the answers

Which type of media contains agents that inhibit the growth of some microbes?

Selective media Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of enriched media in microbiology?

To supply special growth factors required by fastidious microbes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of media can be both selective and differential?

Nutrient agar Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of penicillins and cephalosporins on bacterial cells?

Causing the cell wall to lyse Signup and view all the answers

How do aminoglycosides (streptomycin, gentamycin) affect bacterial cells?

Cause misreading of mRNA Signup and view all the answers

Which antimicrobial drugs affect metabolic pathways by blocking enzymes needed for tetrahydrofolate synthesis?

Sulfonamides and trimethoprim Signup and view all the answers

What is the target of aminoglycosides as antibacterial drugs?

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs are active on young, growing bacterial cells by blocking peptidoglycan synthesis?

Penicillins and cephalosporins Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a combination of antibiotics that exhibit a 'synergistic effect'?

'Synergistic effect' is greater than the sum of individual effects Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Food and Drug Administration

Collect soil samples to detect animal pathogens
Food Microbiologists focus on the impact of microbes on the food supply, including food spoilage, food-borne diseases, and production

Branches of Microbiology

Microbial Diversity: 6 types of microbes
Origins of Microorganisms: bacteria-like organisms have existed on Earth for about 3.5 billion years

Microbial Structure

Prokaryotes: simple cells, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotes: complex cells, have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Viruses: acellular, parasitic particles composed of nucleic acid and protein

Microbes in Energy & Nutrient Flow

Photosynthesis: light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material
Decomposition: breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds

Human Use of Microorganisms

Biotechnology: production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms
Genetic engineering: manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products
Bioremediation: using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem

Lifestyles of Microorganisms

Majority live a free existence, are relatively harmless and often beneficial
Some microorganisms have close associations with other organisms
Parasites live on or in the body of another organism and damage the host

Isolation Techniques

Cell and colony morphology or staining characteristics
DNA sequence
Biochemical tests to determine an organism's chemical and metabolic characteristics
Immunological tests

Media

Can be classified according to three properties:
- Physical state (liquid, semisolid, solid)
- Chemical composition (synthetic, complex)
- Functional type (general purpose, enriched, selective, differential, anaerobic, transport, assay, enumeration)
Selective media: contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of some microbes and encourage growth of the desired microbes
Differential media: allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences among those microbes
General-purpose medium: grows a broad range of microbes, usually nonsynthetic
Enriched media: contains complex organic substances required by fastidious microbes

Miscellaneous Media

Carbohydrate fermentation medium: contains sugars that can be fermented, converted to acids, and a pH indicator
Antibodies in Serum: globulin separates into 4 bands (α1, α2, β, and γ) via electrophoresis

Immunity

Primary response: production of IgM and a gradual increase in Ab titer after first exposure to an Ag
Secondary response: rapid, stronger response due to memory cells after second contact with the same Ag
Monoclonal Antibodies: originate from a single clone, have a single specificity for antigen, and are used in diagnosis of disease, identification of microbes, and therapy

T-Cell Activation and Differentiation

T helper cells (CD4 or TH): regulate immune reaction to antigens, including other T and B cells
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 or TC): destroy foreign or abnormal cells by secreting perforins that lyse cells
Natural killer cells: lack specificity, circulate through the spleen, blood, and lungs
T cells act directly against Ag and foreign cells when presented in association with an MHC carrier

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Description

Test your knowledge on the separation of globulin bands (Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta, Gamma) in serum electrophoresis and the composition of different immunoglobulins. Explore the primary and secondary immune responses to antigens and the production of IgM and IgG antibodies.