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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism of action for bacitracin?
What is the primary mechanism of action for bacitracin?
- Inhibition of bacterial folate synthesis
- Inhibition of bacterial DNA-gyrase
- Interference with bacterial protein synthesis
- Disruption of bacterial cell wall synthesis (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a common use for Bacitracin?
Which of the following is NOT a common use for Bacitracin?
- Feed additive
- Intravenous administration (correct)
- Ophthalmic use
- Topical application
Which antibiotic is often found in combination with Bacitracin in topical creams?
Which antibiotic is often found in combination with Bacitracin in topical creams?
- Penicillin
- Neomycin (correct)
- Amoxicillin
- Cephalexin
What is a potential adverse effect associated with Bacitracin use?
What is a potential adverse effect associated with Bacitracin use?
What is the class of antibiotic that Vancomycin belongs to?
What is the class of antibiotic that Vancomycin belongs to?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Vancomycin?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Vancomycin?
What is a potential concern regarding the use of Vancomycin?
What is a potential concern regarding the use of Vancomycin?
Why is oral administration of Vancomycin sometimes preferred?
Why is oral administration of Vancomycin sometimes preferred?
What is a common symptom associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca induced by sulfonamides?
What is a common symptom associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca induced by sulfonamides?
Which condition is a side effect of sulfonamides due to their interference with folic acid?
Which condition is a side effect of sulfonamides due to their interference with folic acid?
What is the primary reason nitrofurans may not achieve therapeutic levels in tissues?
What is the primary reason nitrofurans may not achieve therapeutic levels in tissues?
What do sulfonamides block in order to cause blood dyscrasias?
What do sulfonamides block in order to cause blood dyscrasias?
Which of the following nitrofurans is primarily used as a soluble dressing?
Which of the following nitrofurans is primarily used as a soluble dressing?
Which fluoroquinolone antibiotic is associated with severe caution in young dogs?
Which fluoroquinolone antibiotic is associated with severe caution in young dogs?
What is the primary mechanism of action for fluoroquinolones?
What is the primary mechanism of action for fluoroquinolones?
What is the withdrawal time for cattle treated with fluoroquinolones?
What is the withdrawal time for cattle treated with fluoroquinolones?
Which of the following drugs is considered a potentiated sulfonamide?
Which of the following drugs is considered a potentiated sulfonamide?
What condition can result from the presence of sulfonamides in urine at a low pH?
What condition can result from the presence of sulfonamides in urine at a low pH?
Which fluoroquinolone was noted for its effectiveness against pneumonia due to early use?
Which fluoroquinolone was noted for its effectiveness against pneumonia due to early use?
What is illegal regarding the use of fluoroquinolones in animals?
What is illegal regarding the use of fluoroquinolones in animals?
What adverse effect is associated with sulfonamides, besides crystalluria?
What adverse effect is associated with sulfonamides, besides crystalluria?
Flashcards
KCS (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca)
KCS (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca)
A condition causing dry eyes, often due to sulfonamide drugs.
Sulfonamide Effects
Sulfonamide Effects
Can cause KCS through competitive inhibition of tear production.
Blood Dyscrasias
Blood Dyscrasias
Disorders like anemia caused by sulfonamides inhibiting folic acid.
Nitrofurans
Nitrofurans
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Examples of Nitrofurans
Examples of Nitrofurans
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Baytril®
Baytril®
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Withdrawal Time
Withdrawal Time
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Zeniquin
Zeniquin
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Potentiated Sulfonamides
Potentiated Sulfonamides
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Ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
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Crystalluria
Crystalluria
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Sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine
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Fluoroquinolone Resistance
Fluoroquinolone Resistance
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Bacitracin
Bacitracin
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Beta-lactam ring
Beta-lactam ring
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Uses of Bacitracin
Uses of Bacitracin
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Adverse effects of Bacitracin
Adverse effects of Bacitracin
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Vancomycin
Vancomycin
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DNA-gyrase inhibition
DNA-gyrase inhibition
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Therapeutic Index
Therapeutic Index
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Post-antibiotic effect
Post-antibiotic effect
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Study Notes
Antibiotics
- Bacitracin
- Disrupts bacterial cell walls, similar to penicillins and cephalosporins, but via a different mechanism
- A polypeptide antibiotic (long chains of amino acids)
- Not susceptible to beta-lactamase
- Primarily targets gram-positive bacteria
- Primarily used topically, ophthalmically, and as a feed additive (poorly absorbed)
- Often found in combination preparations (e.g., with neomycin and polymyxin B)
- Toxic to the kidneys
- Fluoroquinolones
- Inhibits bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase
- Broad-spectrum, effective against Salmonella and Pseudomonas
- Well absorbed into tissues and fluids
- Excreted in kidneys or bile
- High therapeutic index
- Not recommended for use in young animals
- May chelate with aluminum, iron, calcium, and zinc
- Do not administer with sucralfate
- Flexible dosing based on bacterial sensitivity and drug penetration
- Exhibits a "post-antibiotic effect"
- Available in various forms (e.g., injectable, oral suspensions, ophthalmic solutions)
- Sulphonamides & Potentiatiated Sulphonamides
- Interfere with DNA metabolism (bacteriostatic)
- Were some of the first antibiotics used widely
- Initially excellent for treating pneumonia
- Resistance is now a concern due to widespread use
- Can be administered orally, parenterally, and topically
- Readily enter CSF (treatment for meningitis)
- Potentiating compounds (combined with other compounds to become bactericidal instead of bacteriostatic)
- Examples: Tribrissen (sulfadiazine), Trimidox (sulfadoxine), Borgal (sulfadoxine)
- Often co-combined with other compounds like trimethoprim or ormetoprim (5:1 ratio).
- Common examples include sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and sulfadiazine/trimethoprim
- Nitrofurans
- Broad-spectrum bacteriostatic
- Less potent than traditional antibiotics
- Rapidly eliminated by the kidneys, often does not reach therapeutic levels in tissues
- Half of the drug is unchanged when secreted, thus typically used for urinary tract infections.
- Examples: Topazone (furazolidone), Equifur (nitrofurantoine), Furacin (nitrofurazone)
Precautions
- Bacitracin: Toxic to the kidneys
- Sulfonamides:
- Crystalluria (precipitation in urine) can occur if urine pH is too low
- Prevention: increase urine volume and/or alkalinize urine. Do not overdose.
- Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)
- Blood dyscrasias (issues with blood cells, such as hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and agranulocytosis) are possible side effects.
- Crystalluria (precipitation in urine) can occur if urine pH is too low
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