Antibiotics for Corneal Ulcers
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Questions and Answers

What is the mechanism of action of Tamoxifen?

  • Alpha1a-adrenergic blocker
  • Selective estrogen receptor modulator (correct)
  • Non-selective alpha blocker
  • Selective beta blocker

What is the ophthalmic use of Tamsulosin?

  • Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (correct)
  • Treatment of age-related macular degeneration
  • Treatment of cataract
  • Treatment of glaucoma

What is the potential ophthalmic adverse effect of Sildenafil?

  • Reversible corneal opacity
  • Non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy
  • Retinal vascular occlusion
  • All of the above (correct)

What is the mechanism of action of Topiramate?

<p>Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential ophthalmic adverse effect of Digitalis derivatives?

<p>Reversible disturbances in color vision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Moxifloxacin?

<p>Inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for Moxifloxacin 0.5% (Vigamox) eye drops?

<p>Bacterial Conjunctivitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using Pilocarpine 5mg QID in patients with Sjogren's syndrome?

<p>Increases tear production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Varenicline (Tyrvaya) nasal spray?

<p>Binds nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on trigeminal nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Punctal Occlusive devices?

<p>To block tear drainage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Beta Blockers in reducing intraocular pressure?

<p>Decrease aqueous production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of Timolol Maleate on the heart rate?

<p>No significant effect on heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following Beta Blockers is known for its 'escape' phenomenon?

<p>Timolol Maleate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical dosing frequency of Beta Blockers in the treatment of glaucoma?

<p>QD or BID (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Timolol Maleate's effect on intraocular pressure?

<p>Effective during waking hours only (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs?

<p>Inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzyme (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ophthalmic use of Flurbiprofen?

<p>Treatment of allergic conjunctivitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the trade name of the medication containing Diclofenac?

<p>Voltaren (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ophthalmic use of Diclofenac?

<p>Treatment of ocular inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concentration of Acular LS?

<p>0.4% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Phenylephrine?

<p>Alpha 1 adrenergic agonist (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ophthalmic use of Brimonidine tartrate?

<p>Reduction of intraocular pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used to treat acquired blepharoptosis?

<p>Upneeq (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of alpha 1 adrenergic agonists?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of alpha 2 to alpha 1 adrenergic activity of Naphazoline?

<p>2:1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely indication for the use of Dexamethasone in ophthalmology?

<p>Post-operative inflammation and pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which steroid formulation has a lower potential to increase intraocular pressure (IOP)?

<p>Loteprednol etabonate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely mechanism of action of Lotemax in reducing inflammation?

<p>Suppressing the immune response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is used to treat macular edema associated with uveitis?

<p>Difluprednate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique feature of the AMPPLIFY delivery system?

<p>Submicron technology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using Thiazine dye in ocular surface assessment?

<p>To stain damaged or dead cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the dye that contains sodium iodide?

<p>Lissamine Green (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Trypan Blue?

<p>It stains damaged or dead cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of Methylene Blue in ocular surface assessment?

<p>To stain damaged or dead cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ophthalmic use of Lissamine Green?

<p>To stain damaged or dead cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Indocyanine Green?

<p>It detects choroidal abnormalities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ophthalmic use of Triarylmethane dye?

<p>To stain damaged or dead cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using Vital White light in ocular surface assessment?

<p>To evaluate corneal endothelial cell viability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ophthalmic use of Azo dye?

<p>To stain damaged or dead cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common side effect of using certain dyes in ocular surface assessment?

<p>Sensitivity to shellfish or iodine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Tamoxifen?

<p>Selective estrogen receptor modulator (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ophthalmic use of Sildenafil?

<p>Treating erectile dysfunction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Aromatase Inhibitors?

<p>Inhibiting the conversion of androgens to estrogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ophthalmic use of Topiramate?

<p>Treating migraines and seizures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Tamsulosin?

<p>Alpha 1 adrenergic blocker (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Digitalis derivatives?

<p>Inhibiting sodium potassium ATPase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Imidazole Mixed alpha 1&2 adrenergic agonist?

<p>Mixed alpha 1&amp;2 adrenergic agonist (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ophthalmic use of Brimonidine tartrate?

<p>To reduce intraocular pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using Oxymetazoline?

<p>To relieve nasal congestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Phenylephrine?

<p>Alpha 1 adrenergic agonist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ophthalmic use of Naphazoline?

<p>To relieve redness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using Brimonidine tartrate?

<p>May decrease intraocular pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Moxifloxacin 0.5% (Vigamox)?

<p>Inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ophthalmic use of Pilocarpine 5mg QID?

<p>Treatment of dry eye syndrome in patients with Sjogren's syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Cevimeline (Evoxac)?

<p>Cholinergic agonist that stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ophthalmic use of Varenicline (Tyrvaya) nasal spray?

<p>Treatment of dry eye syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Moxifloxacin 0.5% (Vigamox) in terms of penetration?

<p>Excellent conjunctival penetration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Punctal Occlusive devices?

<p>To block tear drainage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage reduction in Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) associated with the Mediterranean diet?

<p>41% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between first-generation and second-generation antihistamines?

<p>Lipophilicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Vitamin E on the progression of Retinitis Pigmentosa?

<p>It hastens the progression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of alpha 2 selective agonist Brimonidine on blood vessels?

<p>Vasoconstriction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Edrophonium in diagnosing Myasthenia Gravis?

<p>To perform the Tensilon Test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a pupil with Adie's Syndrome?

<p>It is sluggish and tonic during accommodation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antihistamines is known to cause drowsiness?

<p>Cetirizine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Imidazole derivatives on rebound hyperemia?

<p>Decreases rebound hyperemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Apraclonidine 1% on a pupil with Horner's Syndrome?

<p>It dilates the pupil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ocular decongestants causes pupil dilation and increases intraocular pressure?

<p>Naphazoline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Pilocarpine on the pupil?

<p>Miosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is used to treat presbyopia?

<p>Vuity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors?

<p>Alter intracellular pH and ATPase activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Dorzolamide's effect on intraocular pressure?

<p>Works only during sleep (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adrenergic agonists is an alpha 2 receptor selective agonist?

<p>Brimonidine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anesthetic is an amide, has increased potency and duration, and is made from Mepivacaine?

<p>Bupivacaine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Methotrexate?

<p>Folate antagonist, treating JIA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Tryptan Blue dye?

<p>It is used to assess dead/damaged cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an Immunomodulator?

<p>Tacrolimus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Indocyanine Green dye?

<p>It is used to assess choroid abnormalities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of mast cell stabilizers?

<p>Prevents calcium influx and inhibits degranulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of Pemirolast over Cromolyn sodium?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Ketotifen?

<p>Inhibits eosinophil chemotaxis and activation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of anti-VEGF injections in treating Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)?

<p>Block all VEGF isoforms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of Alcaftadine (Lastacaft)?

<p>Is a multi-action drug with mast cell stabilizing properties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of corticosteroid is Medrysone?

<p>Progesterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Bromfenac that allows for increased penetration?

<p>Low pH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Nepafenac?

<p>Is a prodrug that is converted to an active metabolite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of Loteprednol?

<p>It has a lower risk of increasing intraocular pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Difluprednate?

<p>It is administered at a half dose equal to Predforte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Aminoglycosides?

<p>30 S protein synthesis inhibition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used to treat dry eye?

<p>Cyclosporine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Vancomycin?

<p>Cell wall synthesis inhibition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is effective against Pseudomonas?

<p>Tobramycin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Bacitracin?

<p>Cell membrane disruption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used to treat neurotrophic keratitis?

<p>Oxervate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Tetracyclines?

<p>Protein synthesis inhibition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is contraindicated in vitamin K deficiency?

<p>Cephalosporin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Macrolides?

<p>50 S protein synthesis inhibition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used to treat Demodex?

<p>Tea Tree oil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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