Antibiotics and Sedatives Overview
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Questions and Answers

What type of activity do broad-spectrum antibacterials exhibit?

  • Effective against only Gram-positive organisms.
  • Effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. (correct)
  • Only active against resistant bacterial strains.
  • Exclusive to aerobic organisms.

    • Which of the following is true regarding narrow-spectrum antibacterials?

  • They have a limited range and target specific species. (correct)
  • They can be used universally for all bacterial infections.
  • They are primarily effective against anaerobic organisms.
  • They are effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

    • What is a common side effect associated with antibiotics?

  • Rapid weight gain.
  • Improved metabolism.
  • Gastrointestinal disturbances. (correct)
  • Increased appetite.

    • Which statement describes a characteristic of antiviral treatments?

    <p>They often modify the host's immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one mechanism of action for antifungal drugs?

    <p>Disrupting fungal cell membrane integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of opioids?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism do benzodiazepines utilize to exert their effects?

    <p>Inhibition of GABA via GABA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a strong opiate?

    <p>Fentanyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary indication for using Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists in asthma treatment?

    <p>Bronchodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class is commonly used for prophylaxis of angina?

    <p>Calcium Channel Blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can steroids be used to treat aside from autoimmune diseases?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is associated with the use of long-term steroids?

    <p>Oral candidiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key action of Nitroglycerin (GTN) in angina treatment?

    <p>Reduces preload via vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic class is known for causing nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity as side effects?

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vancomycin is primarily effective against which type of bacteria?

    <p>Gram-positive bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect associated with the use of clindamycin?

    <p>Pseudomembranous colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic class is contraindicated in pregnancy and can cause cartilage damage?

    <p>Fluoroquinolones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for tetracyclines?

    <p>Inhibition of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect should be monitored in patients taking gentamicin?

    <p>Ototoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is vancomycin commonly used to treat?

    <p>MRSA infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these side effects is commonly associated with the use of tetracyclines?

    <p>Photosensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Antibiotics

    • Antibacterials are classified according to their "spectrum of activity" (range of bacterial species susceptible to the agent)
    • Broad spectrum antibacterials are active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms.
      • Examples: Carbapenems, Chloramphenicol, 3rd generation fluoroquinolones, 2nd, 3rd and 4th generation Cephalosporins, tetracyclines
    • Narrow spectrum antibacterials have limited activity, useful against only particular species of micro-organisms.
      • Examples: glycopeptides (effective only against Gram-positive bacteria), Aminoglycosides and sulfonamides (effective only against aerobic organisms)

    Sedatives

    Benzodiazepines

    • Examples: Temazepam, Midazolom, Lorazepam, Clonazepam
    • Mechanism of action: Inhibit the neurotransmitter GABA via GABA receptors
    • Indications:
      • Insomnia/ Sedation
      • Anxiety
      • Alcohol withdrawal
      • Treatment of Seizure
    • Side Effects (S.E):
      • Respiratory depression
      • CNS depression
      • Dependance

    Opiates

    • Mechanism of Action: Acts on Central opiate receptors
    • Divided into weak and strong opiates
      • Weak opiates: Codiene, Oxycodeine, Dehydrocodiene, Tramadol
      • Strong opiates: Morphine, Diamorphine, Fentanyl, Oxycodone
    • Indications: Mainly used as an Analgesic
    • S.E:
      • Constipation
      • Dry mouth
      • Nausea and vomiting
      • CNS depression
      • Drowsiness
      • Respiratory depression

    Toxicity:

    • Pinpoint pupils
    • Respiratory depression

    Drugs Used in Angina

    • GTN:
      • Reduces preload (amount of blood coming to the heart) via vasodilatation
      • Causes coronary artery dilatation, increasing oxygen supply to the heart
    • ASPIRIN:
      • NSAID and anti-Platelet
    • Calcium Channel Blocker:
      • Examples: Nefidipine, Amlodipine
      • May cause gum hypertrophy
    • B-Adrenoceptors Antagonists:
      • Examples: Atenolol, Metoprolol
      • Used as anti-angina
      • Used in prophylaxis of angina

    Drugs Used in Asthma

    • B-Adrenoceptors Agonists:
      • Salbutamol:
        • Short acting Beta- agonists
        • Dilates bronchi
        • Acts on B-2 receptors
      • Salmeterol:
        • Long acting B-2 agonist
    • Steroids:
      • Inhaled steroids: Beclomethasone (usually in a brown inhaler)
      • Oral Steroids: Prednisolone

    Drugs Used as Immunosuppressants

    • Examples: STEROIDS, METHOTREXATE, CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE, AZATHIOPRINE, CYCLOSPORINE
    • Indications:
      • Autoimmune diseases: SLE, Rheumatoid Arthritis
      • Hypersensitivity: Asthma
      • Transplant
    • S.E: Opportunistic infections (Oral Candidiasis)
    • Contraindicated in pregnancy, breastfeeding mothers, and children under 18 years due to possible damage to their cartilage

    Fluroquinolones

    • Examples:
      • ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
      • levofloxacin (Levaquin)

    Aminoglycosides

    • Mechanism:
      • Bactericidal
      • Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis
        • Work by binding to the 30s ribosome subunit, leading to the misreading of mRNA
    • Examples:
      • gentamicin, neomycin, amikacin, streptomycin
    • Toxicity: Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Neuromuscular blockage

    Gentamycin

    • A bacterial aminoglycoside
    • Active against Gram-negative organisms
    • Topical usage in ear infections
    • S.E: Dose related ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, therefore levels should be monitored
    • Dose = 3-5mg/kg divided in 3 doses every 8 hours

    Vancomycin

    • Coverage:
      • Gram-positive bacteria
      • Bactericidal
    • Mechanism:
      • Inhibitor of cell wall synthesis
    • Indications for use:
      • Serious allergies to penicillins or beta-lactam antimicrobials
      • Serious infections caused by susceptible organisms resistant to penicillins (MRSA, MRSE)
      • Pseudomembraneous colitis caused by Clostridium difficile
    • S.E: Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity
    • Used in:
      • Antibiotic induced colitis (125 mg QDS 10 days PO)
      • Prophylaxis of patients at high risk from infective endocarditis
    • S.E: Ototoxicity, Nephrotoxicity, Phlebitis at the site of infusion, Red man’s syndrome

    Clindamycin

    • Bacteriostatic, inhibits 50S ribosomal subunit
    • Clinical Use: Anaerobe infections e.g oral infections
    • S.E: Commonly associated with pseudomembranous colitis (Clostridium difficile, fever, diarrhoea)
    • Used in:
      • Staphylococcal osteomyelitis in conjunction with metronidazole (inhibits clostridium difficile)
    • Dose:
      • Adult: 150 mg 500mg every 6 hrs
      • Child: 3-6 mg/ kg every 6 hours
    • Replaces erythromycin for single dose prophylaxis of infective endocarditis

    Tetracyclines

    • Mechanism: Bacteriostatic, inhibits protein synthesis
    • Examples: doxycycline, tetracycline
    • Causes GI upset
    • Broad spectrum antibiotic may be used in periodontal disease
    • Used topically for the treatment of apthae
    • Results in opportunistic infection with Candida albicans
    • Deposits in bone & teeth causing staining and hypoplasia (discoloration of the teeth and inhibition of bone growth in children)
    • Photosensitivity

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential information on antibiotics, focusing on the classification of antibacterials based on their spectrum of activity, including broad and narrow spectrum definitions. It also explores sedatives such as benzodiazepines, detailing their mechanisms of action, indications, and potential side effects.

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