Antibiotics and Penicillin Quiz

<p>Penicillium chrysogenum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nobel Prize awarded to Fleming, Florey, and Chain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Streptomyces bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillin, produced by Penicillium notatum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial strains can develop resistance to antibiotics through mutation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It creates challenges in treating infections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By using a different protein in their cell walls (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The development of beta-lactamase genes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1961 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It produces beta-lactamase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Via selective pressure from antibiotic use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To identify suitable antibiotics by checking for inhibition zones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antagonism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inhibits the activity of penicillinase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibiotics that kill microbes directly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strain selection with a focus on colony characteristics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using antibiotics that are outdated or weakened (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extended-spectrum penicillins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased growth rates of livestock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compounds produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.

A genus of bacteria that produces 70% of known antibiotics.

The first discovered antibiotic, produced by the fungus Penicillium notatum.

The ability of microorganisms to survive and multiply in the presence of antibiotics.

Approximately 8,000 antibiotics are known.

Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin in 1928 when he observed that a mold, Penicillium notatum, inhibited the growth of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) in a petri dish.

In 1940, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain purified penicillin, tested it on mice, and initiated human trials, paving the way for its use as an antibiotic.

Pfizer achieved mass production of penicillin in 1942 using deep-tank fermentation techniques, making it widely available to the public.

In 1945, Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery and development of penicillin.

Over 30 years, scientists developed strains of Penicillium chrysogenum that produced hundreds of times more penicillin than the original Penicillium notatum, significantly increasing production efficiency.

A timeline showing how penicillin production was improved over time by increasing the yield of penicillin through various techniques.

The process of identifying potential antibiotic-producing strains by observing their ability to inhibit the growth of test organisms.

The range of different microorganisms that an antibiotic can effectively inhibit or kill.

A method used to test the effectiveness of antibiotics by observing zones of inhibition around antibiotic-containing disks placed on a bacterial culture.

Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria directly, while bacteriostatic antibiotics only prevent bacteria from growing.

Synergism occurs when two antibiotics work together to enhance their effectiveness, while antagonism occurs when they counteract each other.

Factors contributing to antibiotic resistance include misuse of antibiotics, like using outdated or weakened antibiotics, using antibiotics for inappropriate conditions, or using antibiotics in animal feed for growth promotion.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a dangerous bacterial strain. This strain is resistant to many antibiotics, including penicillin and methicillin.

MRSA evolved through natural selection. When exposed to methicillin, MRSA strains, with a different protein used in their cell walls, were more likely to survive and reproduce than non-resistant S. aureus strains, leading to the spread of MRSA.

Methicillin inhibits a protein crucial for bacterial cell wall formation, preventing bacteria from building their protective outer layer.

Beta-lactamase is an enzyme produced by some bacteria that can break down the beta-lactam ring of antibiotics like penicillin, rendering them ineffective.

Overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance. Bacteria can develop resistance mechanisms, making the antibiotic ineffective.