Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of antibiotic therapy is effective against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
What type of antibiotic therapy is effective against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
Which of the following antibiotics is an example of a narrow spectrum agent?
Which of the following antibiotics is an example of a narrow spectrum agent?
What is the term for the process by which normal flora is killed off, allowing opportunistic pathogens to take over and cause infection?
What is the term for the process by which normal flora is killed off, allowing opportunistic pathogens to take over and cause infection?
Why are broad spectrum antibiotics often used when the offending microorganism has not been identified yet?
Why are broad spectrum antibiotics often used when the offending microorganism has not been identified yet?
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What is the term for the ability of an antibiotic to directly kill bacteria at clinically achievable concentrations?
What is the term for the ability of an antibiotic to directly kill bacteria at clinically achievable concentrations?
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What is the primary goal of the induction phase in TB treatment?
What is the primary goal of the induction phase in TB treatment?
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What is the main adverse effect of isoniazid?
What is the main adverse effect of isoniazid?
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Which of the following antibiotics is used to treat leprosy?
Which of the following antibiotics is used to treat leprosy?
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What is the mechanism of action of pyrazinamide?
What is the mechanism of action of pyrazinamide?
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What is the primary goal of antifungal therapy?
What is the primary goal of antifungal therapy?
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What is the most common adverse effect of amphotericin B?
What is the most common adverse effect of amphotericin B?
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What is the mechanism of action of flucytosine?
What is the mechanism of action of flucytosine?
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What is the primary goal of antiviral therapy?
What is the primary goal of antiviral therapy?
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What is the primary goal of oseltamivir?
What is the primary goal of oseltamivir?
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What is the recommended timing for oseltamivir administration?
What is the recommended timing for oseltamivir administration?
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Study Notes
Dosage Calculations
- Heparin math and weight-based reconstitution are important concepts in dosage calculations.
Antibiotic Therapy
- Broad-spectrum antibiotics are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
- Examples of broad-spectrum antibiotics include tetracycline and cephalosporins.
- These antibiotics are frequently used when the offending microorganism has not been identified yet by culture and sensitivity.
- Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are primarily effective against one type of bacteria.
- Examples of narrow-spectrum antibiotics include penicillin and erythromycin.
- The goal of antibiotic therapy is to "match the drug to the bug".
- Host factors such as age, pregnancy, allergy, and morbidity must be considered when selecting an antibiotic.
- Bactericidal antibiotics are directly lethal to bacteria at clinically achievable concentrations.
- Bacteriostatic antibiotics slow microbial growth but do not directly cause cell death.
- Superinfections can occur when broad-spectrum agents kill off normal flora, allowing opportunistic pathogens to take over.
Antibiotic Side Effects
- Allergic reactions can occur, including hypersensitivity, rash, pruritus, hives, and anaphylactic shock.
- Superinfections can occur as a result of antibiotic therapy.
- Organ toxicity can occur, affecting the ears, liver, kidneys, mouth, skin, respiratory, and GI systems.
TB Drugs
- Two phases of treatment: induction phase (2 months) and continuation phase (longer duration).
- Induction phase drugs include isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide.
- Continuation phase drugs include isoniazid and rifampin.
- Multiple drugs are used in combination to treat more resistant cases.
- Direct observation therapy (DOT) is used to ensure compliance with TB treatment.
Isoniazid (INH)
- Used in combination with another agent for induction phase.
- Used alone for continuation phase.
- Adverse effects include peripheral neuropathy, hepatotoxicity, optic neuritis, and anemia.
Rifampin (Rifadin)
- Broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against TB, leprosy, H flu, Staph, and Legionella.
- Prophylaxis use.
- Adverse effects include hepatitis, discoloration of body fluids (orange), and increased levels of P450 enzymes.
Pyrazinamide
- Unknown mechanism of bacterial kill.
- Adverse effects include hepatotoxicity, hyperuricemia, arthralgia, and GI disturbances.
Ethambutol (Myambutol)
- Bacteriostatic antibiotic.
- Used in combination with other drugs for TB treatment.
- Adverse effects include optic neuritis, allergy, and hyperuricemia.
- Active against all strains of MT.
Antifungal
- Two major groups: systemic mycotic infections and superficial mycotic infections.
- Systemic mycotic infections include opportunistic candidiasis and aspergillosis.
- Superficial mycotic infections include candidiasis and dermatophytes.
Amphotericin B
- Broad-spectrum fungal agent effective against systemic infections.
- Destroys cell wall and attacks sterols.
- Highly toxic, with potential infusion reactions, nephrotoxicity, and hypokalemia.
Flucytosine/Ancobon
- Combines with amphotericin B for increased effectiveness.
- Converted to anti-metabolite after uptake by the fungi.
- Adverse effects include hematological effects and bone marrow suppression.
Mechanism of Action for Anti-Viral
- Stop viral replication.
- Reverse transcriptase inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, and HIV infusion inhibitors prevent viral entry into the cell.
- Protease inhibitors prevent final maturation and release of viral particles.
- Combination therapy decreases resistance and new meds have fewer side effects.
Flu Vaccines
- Oseltamivir/Tamiflu (A and B) stops viral replication, only works if given early.
- Effective if given within 2 days of symptoms appearing, with decreased effectiveness if given later.
- Adverse effects include N/V and others.
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Description
This quiz covers dosage calculations, heparin math, and antibiotic therapy for pharmacy students, including broad-spectrum and narrow-spectrum antibiotics and factors affecting their use.
