Antibiotics and Antibacterial Treatment
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Questions and Answers

What is the mechanism of action of β-lactam antibiotics?

  • Inhibition of protein synthesis
  • Inhibition of nucleic acid metabolism
  • Inhibition of cell wall synthesis (correct)
  • Inhibition of intermediary metabolism of folic acid

    • What is the name of the enzyme that β-lactam antibiotics inactivate?

  • Peptidase
  • Transpeptidase (correct)
  • Penicilloic enzyme
  • Transaminase

    • What is the name of the complex formed when penicillin inactivates the enzyme?

  • Transpeptidase complex
  • β-lactam complex
  • Penicilloic-enzyme complex (correct)
  • Peptidoglycan complex

    • What is the name of the subclass of β-lactams that are broad-spectrum and used for treating severe infections of resistant bacteria?

    <p>Carbapenems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the β-lactamase inhibitor that protects β-lactams from hydrolytic activity?

    <p>Clavulanate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of glycopeptides?

    <p>Binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine precursor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme that is responsible for the assembly, maintenance, and regulation of peptidoglycan structures?

    <p>Transpeptidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the type of antibiotic that is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms?

    <p>Tetracycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the type of antibiotic that is effective against mycobacteria?

    <p>Isoniazid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the type of antibiotic that is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, and is also used in combination with β-lactamase inhibitors?

    <p>Amoxicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of macrolides?

    <p>By binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of resistance to macrolides?

    <p>Modification of 50s subunit binding site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique characteristic of azithromycin compared to other macrolides?

    <p>It does not interact with drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of clindamycin on toxin production by GAS and S.aureus?

    <p>It inhibits the production of toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of excretion for clarithromycin?

    <p>Biliary excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of clindamycin's activity against staphylococci, streptococci, anaerobes, and H.pylori?

    <p>It has a concentration-dependent bactericidal activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?

    <p>Binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of aminoglycosides?

    <p>Respiratory depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics is bactericidal against pneumococci, GAS, and anaerobes?

    <p>Linezolid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones?

    <p>Acting on enzymes - topoisomerases II and IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of metronidazole?

    <p>Generating metabolites that are toxic to bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of sulfonamides?

    <p>Competitively inhibiting the incorporation of PABA into tetrahydropteroic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of resistance to aminoglycosides?

    <p>Alteration of 30S subunit binding site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is bacteriostatic against most organisms but has some bactericidal activity against streptococci?

    <p>Linezolid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of tetracyclines?

    <p>Penetrating the cell wall by passive diffusion and ATP-dependent active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is used for protozoal infections, such as Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis?

    <p>Metronidazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal approach to antibiotic treatment?

    <p>Begin therapy after ID and sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an area of the body that is poorly penetrated by pharmacological agents?

    <p>Pharmacological sanctuaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What category of antibiotic has a remote possibility of fetal harm?

    <p>Category A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of determining the MIC of an antibiotic?

    <p>To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibiotic killing is optimized when the concentration of antibiotic is above the MIC for as long of a time period as possible?

    <p>Time-dependent killing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ratio of the antibiotic area under the curve to the time above MIC needed to inhibit microorganisms?

    <p>AUC/MIC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pulsed dosing in antibiotic treatment?

    <p>To pulse antibiotic dosing in escalating levels past MIC early on in treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics has a narrow spectrum of activity?

    <p>Aztreonam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the maximum serum concentration of an antibiotic needed to inhibit microorganisms?

    <p>Cmax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can affect the efficacy of antibiotic treatment?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

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