Antibiotics and Antibacterial Treatment

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What is the mechanism of action of β-lactam antibiotics?

Inhibition of protein synthesis

Inhibition of nucleic acid metabolism

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis (correct)

Inhibition of intermediary metabolism of folic acid

What is the name of the enzyme that β-lactam antibiotics inactivate?

Peptidase

Transpeptidase (correct)

Penicilloic enzyme

Transaminase

What is the name of the complex formed when penicillin inactivates the enzyme?

Transpeptidase complex

β-lactam complex

Penicilloic-enzyme complex (correct)

Peptidoglycan complex

What is the name of the subclass of β-lactams that are broad-spectrum and used for treating severe infections of resistant bacteria?

Carbapenems Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the β-lactamase inhibitor that protects β-lactams from hydrolytic activity?

Clavulanate Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of glycopeptides?

Binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine precursor Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the enzyme that is responsible for the assembly, maintenance, and regulation of peptidoglycan structures?

Transpeptidase Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the type of antibiotic that is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms?

Tetracycline Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the type of antibiotic that is effective against mycobacteria?

Isoniazid Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the type of antibiotic that is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, and is also used in combination with β-lactamase inhibitors?

Amoxicillin Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of macrolides?

By binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of resistance to macrolides?

Modification of 50s subunit binding site Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique characteristic of azithromycin compared to other macrolides?

It does not interact with drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of clindamycin on toxin production by GAS and S.aureus?

It inhibits the production of toxins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of excretion for clarithromycin?

Biliary excretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of clindamycin's activity against staphylococci, streptococci, anaerobes, and H.pylori?

It has a concentration-dependent bactericidal activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?

Binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of aminoglycosides?

Respiratory depression Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibiotics is bactericidal against pneumococci, GAS, and anaerobes?

Linezolid Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones?

Acting on enzymes - topoisomerases II and IV Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of metronidazole?

Generating metabolites that are toxic to bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of sulfonamides?

Competitively inhibiting the incorporation of PABA into tetrahydropteroic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of resistance to aminoglycosides?

Alteration of 30S subunit binding site Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is bacteriostatic against most organisms but has some bactericidal activity against streptococci?

Linezolid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of tetracyclines?

Penetrating the cell wall by passive diffusion and ATP-dependent active transport Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is used for protozoal infections, such as Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis?

Metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal approach to antibiotic treatment?

Begin therapy after ID and sensitivity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an area of the body that is poorly penetrated by pharmacological agents?

Pharmacological sanctuaries Signup and view all the answers

What category of antibiotic has a remote possibility of fetal harm?

Category A Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of determining the MIC of an antibiotic?

To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotic Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibiotic killing is optimized when the concentration of antibiotic is above the MIC for as long of a time period as possible?

Time-dependent killing Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ratio of the antibiotic area under the curve to the time above MIC needed to inhibit microorganisms?

AUC/MIC Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pulsed dosing in antibiotic treatment?

To pulse antibiotic dosing in escalating levels past MIC early on in treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics has a narrow spectrum of activity?

Aztreonam Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the maximum serum concentration of an antibiotic needed to inhibit microorganisms?

Cmax Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can affect the efficacy of antibiotic treatment?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers