Antibiotic Resistance and Selection of Antibiotic Therapy
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Questions and Answers

What has contributed to the emergence of highly antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

  • Introduction of new antibiotic classes
  • Strict regulations on antibiotic prescriptions
  • Increased public awareness of antibiotic use
  • Relentless use of antibiotics (correct)

    • Why has the decline in antibiotic discovery since the early 1980s created a 'perfect storm'?

  • Due to the absence of new antibiotic classes (correct)
  • Because of overwhelming public demand for antibiotics
  • To reduce the cost of antibiotic treatments
  • As a response to increased funding for antibiotic research

    • What is the focus of this paper on medical decision-making?

  • Selecting antibiotic therapy to optimize patient outcomes (correct)
  • Reducing the cost of healthcare operations
  • Improving surgical techniques for better outcomes
  • Exploring alternative medicine treatments

    • Why is there a need for clear incentives and policies to stimulate the development of new antibiotics?

    <p>To prevent a tragedy in healthcare due to lack of effective treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has provided an ideal time to tackle the lack of new antibiotics according to the text?

    <p>Economic depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the full magnitude of antibiotic resistance poorly understood according to the text?

    <p>Lack of attention in health economics and public policy context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the most serious adverse effects of resistance mentioned in the text?

    <p>Treatment failures with life-saving consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of countries is the problem of antibiotic resistance more serious according to the text?

    <p>Developing countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antibiotics work against bacteria?

    <p>By disrupting nucleic acid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is mentioned as being effective only for growing and dividing cells?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific action of antibiotics against bacteria mentioned in the text?

    <p>Inhibit protein synthesis in ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antibiotics can disrupt ribosome movement along mRNA according to the text?

    <p>Tetracyclines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antibiotics target prokaryotic cells specifically?

    <p>By disrupting cell wall function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic acts as an effective bactericidal agent according to the text?

    <p>Fluoroquinolones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do some antibiotics inhibit to prevent bacterial cell reproduction according to the text?

    <p>Gyrase enzymes and topoisomerases activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do certain antibiotics inhibit in ribosomes making them effective and toxic against bacteria?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for promoting antibiotic development?

    <p>To reduce disease duration and treatment costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of antibiotics in treating infections?

    <p>To inhibit or kill microbes such as bacteria, pathogenic fungi, and protozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first antibiotic used to treat?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with the overuse of antibiotics?

    <p>Development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding the definition of antibiotics?

    <p>To determine the appropriate dosage and antibiotics for the patient's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with the discovery of penicillin?

    <p>Alexander Fleming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the mass production of penicillin during World War II?

    <p>Treating wounded soldiers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant public health benefit of antibiotics?

    <p>Improved quality of life and control of infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of antibiotic that directly kills extracellular bacteria?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for choosing a specific antibiotic in treating infections?

    <p>To kill the specific pathogen causing the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of using the wrong antibiotic?

    <p>The infection may persist and increase the risk of antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of step-down therapy?

    <p>Cost-effectiveness and equal success rates to intravenous therapy in many infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of incomplete courses or self-prescribing of antibiotics?

    <p>Inadequate doses and inappropriate drug selection, often due to lack of medical advice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of pneumococcal immunization?

    <p>It reduces the rate of pneumococcal infection and prevents ear infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to take the entire dose of antibiotics, even if the patient feels better after a few days?

    <p>To ensure the infection is completely cured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant impact of antibiotics on public health?

    <p>Increased life expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant role of antibiotics in disease prevention?

    <p>Controlling many bacterial diseases, particularly life-threatening ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?

    <p>To target microbial metabolic processes or structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the economic benefit of using antimicrobial drugs?

    <p>It leads to cost savings in the long run</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Antibiotic Resistance activity?

    <p>Comparing and contrasting the principles of antibiotics provision with infectious disease cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Prolonged illness and failure in individual patient treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of antibiotic prescribing is for respiratory or ear infections?

    <p>66%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of using a single dose of Azithromycin in developing countries?

    <p>Prevention and cure of STD chancroid and Haemophilus ducreyi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of sulphonamide drugs?

    <p>To compete with paraaminobenzoic acid in folic acid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of antibiotics in the treatment of infections?

    <p>To rapidly control infections, including pneumococcal disease and meningitis in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infection accounts for approximately 80% of infections requiring antimicrobial therapy?

    <p>Wound infections, abscesses, and osteomyelitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antibiotics in surgical procedures?

    <p>To prevent infectious sequelae of surgical procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary evidence supporting the effectiveness of antibiotics in emergency interventions?

    <p>Their use in patients with pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antibiotics play in preventing the deterioration of some chronic diseases?

    <p>To prevent the deterioration of some chronic diseases to more severe infectious states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic was found to be effective in resolving moderate and severe cases of impetigo within seven days of treatment?

    <p>Flucloxacillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infection is indicated for treatment with antibiotics?

    <p>Acute bacterial bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infection has a beneficial response to early antibiotic treatment?

    <p>Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of death in established market economies before the development of antibiotics?

    <p>Common infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do vaccines play in preventing infectious diseases?

    <p>To increase the impact of antibiotic treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major concern related to the decline in antibiotic discovery since the early 1980s?

    <p>The resurgence of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor makes it particularly challenging to treat infections in lower-income countries?

    <p>Emerging resistance and decreased affordability of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why has the withdrawal of certain antibiotics from the market caused concern?

    <p>It contributed to a decline in the drug class's therapeutic value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is highlighted as a necessary step to minimize antibiotic misuse?

    <p>Providing low-cost and high-quality antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence if new antibiotics are not developed for gram-negative bacilli?

    <p>Treatment failure for many bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to have support from multinational organizations for the development of new antibiotics?

    <p>To mobilize political and social will</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the significant discrepancy in spending on antibiotics per head of population between developed and developing countries?

    <p>Inequitable access to primary healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs)?

    <p>To optimize patient outcomes and reduce resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could make new antibiotics more affordable for developing countries?

    <p>Global subsidy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the cyclic relationship between poor access to antibiotics in developing countries and overuse in developed countries?

    <p>Increased antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for promoting primary healthcare with cost-effective essential drugs in developing countries?

    <p>To target the urban and rural poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of the antibiotic era?

    <p>Increased morbidity and mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can facilitate a shift from costly broad-spectrum antibiotics to targeted ones, resulting in long-term cost savings?

    <p>Antibiotic stewardship programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge faced by resource-poor areas and the Indigenous population in Australia?

    <p>Limited access to antibiotic stewardship programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a solution to address the uncertainty of the future of antibiotic provision?

    <p>Companies partnering with the public sector to develop new antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated time and investment required to develop and market a new drug?

    <p>10-15 years, $800 million to $1.7 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are pharmaceutical companies not profitable in developing new antimicrobials for resistant infections?

    <p>Because they focus on chronic disease medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the increase in Tuberculosis and its resistance to current antimicrobials?

    <p>It is a significant public health threat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the World Antibiotic Awareness Week?

    <p>To increase awareness and encourage best practices among the public, health workers, and policymakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the overuse of antibiotics?

    <p>A decrease in their effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the shift towards alternative approaches to combat antibiotic resistance?

    <p>The high demand for antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the G7 summit's One Health approach to antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>To improve infection prevention and conserve antimicrobial effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of a post-antibiotic era?

    <p>Simple infections can kill and complex procedures face greater risks due to infection risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the focus on chronic disease medications by pharmaceutical companies?

    <p>They are more profitable than developing new antimicrobials for resistant infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the lack of investment in new antibiotics for developing countries?

    <p>The pharmaceutical industry viewing the developing world's populations as less economically viable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated timeframe for finding an effective treatment for resistant and serious strains of bacteria?

    <p>A few years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which company acquired Durata Therapeutics and its drug Dalvance in 2015?

    <p>Actavis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the resurfacing interest in antibiotic investment after 2000?

    <p>The progress in genetics research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many new drugs were developed between 1975 and 1999, with only a small fraction for tropical diseases?

    <p>1,393</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor contributing to the lack of availability of antibiotics in developing countries?

    <p>The newness of pharmaceutical drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the year when Staphylococcus infections were found to be resistant to methicillin?

    <p>1968</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to address antimicrobial resistance with a coordinated effort in various areas of healthcare and public health?

    <p>To maintain the effectiveness of antimicrobials for treating infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of organisms developing resistance to antimicrobials?

    <p>Fatal and untreatable illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the transfer of resistant organisms from person to person impact the relevance of antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>It highlights the importance of effective infection control measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the major development related to antibiotics that occurred after the discovery of penicillin?

    <p>Increase in resistance to multiple antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are new strategies for preventing infections and treating illnesses at risk of becoming too expensive or difficult to implement?

    <p>As a result of organisms developing resistance to antimicrobials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated attributable mortality of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the United States in 2013?

    <p>6.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of people being infected with resistant organisms?

    <p>Higher hospital charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can bacteria move from one person to another?

    <p>By touching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the likelihood of antimicrobial resistance development according to the text?

    <p>Epidemic potential of an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which setting has C.difficile emerged as an important antimicrobial resistant pathogen?

    <p>Healthcare facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route is NOT mentioned as a mode of transmission for bacteria in the text?

    <p>Direct sunlight exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of bacteria spreading through healthcare facilities and communities?

    <p>Increased burden of human colonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is identified as the primary reservoir for transmissible agents in the context of bacterial transmission?

    <p><em>Humans</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor varies depending on the organism's characteristics and context?

    <p><em>Mode of transmission</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Understanding MDRB's impact on specific diseases is often linked to the development of new drugs and healthcare strategies.' What does MDRB stand for in this context?

    <p><em>Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacteria</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge in treating infections caused by multiresistant organisms?

    <p>Difficulty in treating the infection due to limited effective antimicrobial agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of resistant infections on high-tech medical care?

    <p>It adds complexity to already complex infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant cause of severe invasive disease in people without traditional risk factors?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason for antibiotic use in the community?

    <p>Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria on public health?

    <p>Increased healthcare costs and longer illness duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in treating vancomycin-resistant enterococci, MRSA, and coagulase-negative staphylococci infections?

    <p>Limited effective antimicrobial agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of resistant infections on the clinical efficacy of medical interventions?

    <p>It reduces the clinical efficacy of many medical interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of MRSA-induced skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs)?

    <p>They are more likely to result in abscess formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of antimicrobial resistance on the community?

    <p>Increased healthcare costs and longer illness duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common location for the spread of MRSA?

    <p>Hospitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the high incidence of infections with a variety of resistant organisms in healthcare settings?

    <p>High prevalence of infected or colonized patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common site of infection caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospital patients?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a measure that can be taken to control the spread of MRSA and other MDRs in healthcare settings?

    <p>Developing new antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the vicious cycle between antibiotic resistance and antibiotic usage in a specific hospital or region?

    <p>Increased use of antibiotics leads to increased resistance, which in turn leads to increased use of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason for the high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant infections in healthcare-associated infections?

    <p>Poorly functioning immune systems of patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the use of vancomycin as a last resort when a patient acquires a MRSA infection?

    <p>Increased selective pressure for VRSA and VRE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the high incidence of antibiotic-resistant infections in healthcare-associated infections?

    <p>Increased antibiotic usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the spread of MRSA and other MDRs in healthcare settings?

    <p>High-level resistance to vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a measure that can be taken to control the spread of MRSA and other MDRs in healthcare settings?

    <p>Developing new antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual cost of treating antibiotic-resistant infections in the U.S., as mentioned in the text?

    <p>$9.7 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated health-related opportunity cost resulting from antibiotic-resistant infections in the U.S. between 2000-2006?

    <p>$35.7 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much longer are patients with MRSA hospitalized compared to those without MRSA?

    <p>3-9 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the spread of MRSA and other MDRs in healthcare settings, according to the text?

    <p>Understaffing of healthcare facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of antibiotic stewardship programs?

    <p>To maximize clinical cure or prevention of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the evidence base for many antibiotic stewardship interventions?

    <p>It is often low quality and only provides proof of principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an alternative approach to formulating and enforcing restriction policies in antibiotic stewardship?

    <p>Substitution policy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in implementing infection prevention measures in developing countries?

    <p>Lack of resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary step to assess the effectiveness of infection control measures for mental health disorders?

    <p>Conducting well-designed intervention studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the Institute of Medicine's definition of antibiotic stewardship?

    <p>Maximizing clinical cure or prevention of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual cost of antibiotic-resistant infections in the European Union?

    <p>1.5 billion euros</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the total burden of disease in Canada in 1998 was accounted for by productivity losses?

    <p>58%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of MRSA and VRE infections in healthy individuals, particularly young individuals?

    <p>Long-term lowered socioeconomic status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of bacteria acquiring resistance to all drugs?

    <p>Infections are untreatable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of high infection rates in healthcare workers?

    <p>Forced or early retirement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated cost per treatment for MRSA infections compared to non-resistant staphylococcal infections?

    <p>Nine times higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a decline in investment in antimicrobial agents and the rise of multiple drug-resistant bacteria?

    <p>A crisis in antibiotic-resistant infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of MDR bacteria on treatment options for patients?

    <p>Treatment options are limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of infections with MDR bacteria on healthcare providers?

    <p>An increase in treatment costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of antimicrobial resistance on public health?

    <p>An increase in morbidity and mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary approach to combat antibiotic resistance in the long term?

    <p>Investing in research and development of new, better ways to prevent and treat infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of international efforts to combat multi-drug-resistant bacteria?

    <p>To prevent and contain their spread while minimizing interference with international trade and travel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the International Health Regulations (IHR) in combating antibiotic resistance?

    <p>To prevent and protect the global community from disease spread while minimizing interference to international travel and trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge in treating infections caused by multiresistant organisms?

    <p>The lack of effective antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of using the wrong antibiotic?

    <p>It leads to the development of multiresistant organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of step-down therapy?

    <p>It reduces the risk of collateral damage like C.difficile infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the lack of investment in new antibiotics for developing countries?

    <p>The lack of clear incentives and policies to stimulate the development of new antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Antibiotic Resistance activity?

    <p>To understand the impact of antimicrobial resistance on public health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated time and investment required to develop and market a new drug?

    <p>A decade and a few billion dollars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated attributable mortality of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the United States in 2013?

    <p>A few tens of thousands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the WHO Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance?

    <p>Creating a global information surveillance system on resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major strategies of the WHO Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance?

    <p>Promoting surveillance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System?

    <p>Providing data on resistant bacterial pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor contributing to the growing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics?

    <p>Antibiotic overprescription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach reduces the use of specific antibiotics or classes of antibiotics for a defined time period to lower resistance rates?

    <p>Antibiotic cycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do high-quality research and precise epidemiological information serve as prerequisites for?

    <p>Support and action to prevent resistance emergence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In antibiotic stewardship programs, what is the strategy aiming to improve antimicrobial use by promoting?

    <p>The right drug, at the right dose, route, and duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

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