Questions and Answers
What is the mode of action of penicillins?
Which of the following is an example of cephalosporins?
What is the spectrum of aminoglycosides?
Broad
The mode of action of tetracycline is to inhibit __________.
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Which clinical effect is associated with tetracycline?
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What is a key clinical concern with chloramphenicol?
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Sulfonamides inhibit DNA replication by blocking folic acid metabolism in bacteria.
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Which of the following is an example of a quinolone?
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What is the specific action of bacitracin?
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Study Notes
Penicillins
- Derived from aminopenicillonic acid with a β-lactam ring.
- Mechanism: Prevents cell wall formation in bacteria.
- Examples include Penicillin and Ampicillin.
- Limited effectiveness against Gram-negative bacteria; semisynthetic variants have a broader spectrum.
- Clinical considerations: Can cause allergic reactions.
Cephalosporins
- β-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity.
- Mechanism: Inhibit cell wall synthesis; more stable against penicillinase.
- Suitable for patients with penicillin allergies.
- Notable examples: Cephalothin, Cefoxitin, Ceftriaxone.
Aminoglycosides
- Composed of amino sugars linked to a cyclohexane ring.
- Mechanism: Inhibit protein synthesis by acting on the 30S ribosomal subunit.
- Broad-spectrum antibiotics with examples including Streptomycin, Kanamycin, and Gentamicin.
- Administered via IV; can be toxic to kidneys and auditory nerves.
Tetracycline
- Characterized by a four-ring structure with side chains.
- Mechanism: Inhibits protein synthesis.
- Broad-spectrum efficacy, including against bacteria without cell walls.
- Examples include Chlortetracycline and Doxycycline.
- Clinical side effects: Nausea, diarrhea, sensitivity to light, and chelation with calcium.
Macrolides
- Structure consists of a 12-22 carbon lactone ring.
- Mechanism: Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to rRNA, affecting peptide chain elongation.
- Primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria, with some activity against Gram-negative bacteria.
- Examples: Erythromycin and Clindamycin.
- Possible clinical side effects: Nausea, mild gastrointestinal pain, and vomiting.
Chloramphenicol
- Chemical structure includes p-nitrophenyl acetamide.
- Mechanism: Inhibits protein synthesis.
- Broad spectrum, but mainly utilized for treating typhoid fever.
- Can cross the blood-brain barrier; rare side effects include aplastic anemia and potential neurologic damage.
Sulfonamides
- Analog of p-Aminobenzoic acid.
- Mechanism: Inhibits DNA replication by blocking folic acid metabolism in bacteria.
- Examples: Sulfisoxazole and Sulfamethoxazole.
- Resistance may arise through changed permeability or production of alternative enzymes.
- Broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Quinolones
- Composed of a 4-quinolone ring structure.
- Mechanism: Inhibit DNA replication targeting DNA gyrase or topoisomerase II.
- Examples include Nalidixic acid and Ciprofloxacin.
- Broad-spectrum effectiveness against various infections.
Bacitracin
- Mixture of cyclic polypeptides derived from Bacillus subtilis.
- Mechanism: Inhibits cell wall synthesis.
- Usage primarily in topical formulations; limited details on resistance patterns.
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Description
Explore key concepts of antibiotic classification with these flashcards. This quiz covers penicillins and cephalosporins, detailing their definitions, modes of action, spectra, and clinical considerations. Perfect for students studying pharmacology or microbiology.
