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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism by which bactericidal drugs kill bacteria?
What is the primary mechanism by which bactericidal drugs kill bacteria?
- Limiting the spread of infection
- Decreasing the total number of viable microorganisms
- Arresting growth and replication of bacteria
- Killing bacteria directly (correct)
Which of the following is a key advantage of using a combination of antimicrobial drugs?
Which of the following is a key advantage of using a combination of antimicrobial drugs?
- Increases potential toxicity
- Promotes the development of multi-drug resistant organisms
- Decreases the need for empiric therapy
- Reduces the possibility of superinfections (correct)
Which of the following is a type of genetic alteration that can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
Which of the following is a type of genetic alteration that can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
- Altered protein expression
- Decreased virulence
- Spontaneous mutations of DNA (correct)
- Imprudent use of antibiotics
What is the primary disadvantage of using a combination of bacteriostatic and bactericidal antimicrobial agents?
What is the primary disadvantage of using a combination of bacteriostatic and bactericidal antimicrobial agents?
Which of the following is a key advantage of using a combination of $eta$-lactams and aminoglycosides as antimicrobial therapy?
Which of the following is a key advantage of using a combination of $eta$-lactams and aminoglycosides as antimicrobial therapy?
Which of the following is a primary mechanism by which bacteria can develop resistance to antimicrobial agents?
Which of the following is a primary mechanism by which bacteria can develop resistance to antimicrobial agents?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic mechanisms of antibiotic action?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic mechanisms of antibiotic action?
Which factor is NOT considered when selecting an antimicrobial agent?
Which factor is NOT considered when selecting an antimicrobial agent?
Which of the following statements about the effect of infection site on therapy is FALSE?
Which of the following statements about the effect of infection site on therapy is FALSE?
Which of the following is a host factor that can affect antimicrobial therapy?
Which of the following is a host factor that can affect antimicrobial therapy?
Which statement about narrow spectrum antibiotics is TRUE?
Which statement about narrow spectrum antibiotics is TRUE?
Based on the information provided, which antibiotic would be most appropriate for a Streptococcus pyogenes infection?
Based on the information provided, which antibiotic would be most appropriate for a Streptococcus pyogenes infection?
Which of the following is NOT one of the main objectives of the lecture described in the text?
Which of the following is NOT one of the main objectives of the lecture described in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a type of β-lactam antibiotic mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a type of β-lactam antibiotic mentioned in the text?
What is the primary mechanism of antibacterial action for β-lactam antibiotics according to the text?
What is the primary mechanism of antibacterial action for β-lactam antibiotics according to the text?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the killing kinetics of β-lactam antibiotics described in the text?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the killing kinetics of β-lactam antibiotics described in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a type of penicillin antibiotic?
Which of the following is NOT a type of penicillin antibiotic?
What is the primary route of administration for penicillin V according to the text?
What is the primary route of administration for penicillin V according to the text?
Which antibiotic is effective against Neisseria meningitidis, Treponema pallidum, and Leptospira?
Which antibiotic is effective against Neisseria meningitidis, Treponema pallidum, and Leptospira?
Which antibiotic class is effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species?
Which antibiotic class is effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species?
Which antibiotic combination is effective against Bacteroides fragilis?
Which antibiotic combination is effective against Bacteroides fragilis?
Which adverse effect is associated with penicillin antibiotics?
Which adverse effect is associated with penicillin antibiotics?
Which penicillin is effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Which penicillin is effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Which condition is not listed as an indication for extended-spectrum penicillins?
Which condition is not listed as an indication for extended-spectrum penicillins?
Which of the following mechanisms can lead to decreased accumulation of an antibiotic within a bacterial cell?
Which of the following mechanisms can lead to decreased accumulation of an antibiotic within a bacterial cell?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics?
In the context of antimicrobial resistance, what is the significance of alterations in target proteins?
In the context of antimicrobial resistance, what is the significance of alterations in target proteins?
Which of the following is an example of enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics, contributing to antimicrobial resistance?
Which of the following is an example of enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics, contributing to antimicrobial resistance?
What is the potential consequence of antimicrobial therapy, even when antibiotics exhibit selective toxicity?
What is the potential consequence of antimicrobial therapy, even when antibiotics exhibit selective toxicity?
Which of the following statements regarding spontaneous mutations in DNA is correct?
Which of the following statements regarding spontaneous mutations in DNA is correct?
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Study Notes
Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic Agents
- Bactericidal agents kill bacteria, decreasing the total number of viable microorganisms.
- Bacteriostatic agents arrest the growth and replication of bacteria, limiting the spread of infection.
Antibiotic Combinations
- Treatment with a single agent reduces the possibility of superinfections and decreases the emergence of multi-drug resistant organisms.
- Advantages of combination therapy include synergism, treatment of mixed infections, and reduction of risk of microorganism developing resistance.
- Disadvantages of combination therapy include interference with the action of a bactericidal drug and potential toxicity.
Antibiotic Resistance
- Bacteria are designated resistant if their growth is not inhibited by the maximum level of antibiotic tolerated by the host.
- Resistance develops due to imprudent and inappropriate use of antibiotics.
- Genetic alterations and altered protein expression are mechanisms involved in the development of resistance.
Genetic Alterations Leading to Resistance
- Spontaneous mutations of DNA may persist, be corrected, or be lethal.
- DNA transfer of drug resistance involves plasmids that are passed between cells.
Altered Protein Expression in Drug-Resistant Organisms
- Modification of antibiotic target sites alters target proteins, inducing resistance to certain antibiotics.
- Decreased accumulation of antibiotic occurs due to decreased penetration or presence of a lipopolysaccharide layer.
- Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic involves the ability to destroy or inactivate antibiotic, leading to development of resistance.
Complications of Antimicrobial Therapy
- Antibiotics exhibit selective toxicity, but the host may develop adverse effects.
- Bacterial cell wall-synthesizing enzymes, bacterial ribosome, DNA replication enzymes, and nucleotide synthesis are affected by antibiotics.
Selection of Antimicrobial Agents
- Factors affecting selection include microorganism identification, antimicrobial sensitivity, site of infection, severity of infection, and patient factors.
- The most narrow spectrum agent that is effective reduces the potential development of resistance.
Chemotherapeutic Spectra
- Narrow spectrum agents act on a single or limited group of microorganisms.
- Extended spectrum agents are effective against gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria.
- Broad spectrum agents affect a wide variety of microbial species.
Bacterial Cell Wall Inhibitors
- b-Lactams target site is PBPs, inhibiting transpeptidation reaction.
- b-Lactam antibiotics include penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactam.
Penicillins
- Spectrum of activity includes non-penicillinase producing gram-positive bacteria, spirochetes, and meningococci.
- Antistaphylococcal penicillins are effective against staphylococci and streptococci.
- Extended-spectrum penicillins have increased gram-negative activity.
- Antipseudomonal penicillin has the broadest spectrum of penicillins.
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